A Computer Language at the Reviews Logo programming language's Crossroads: Logo. developmental history, including Papert's vision, creation of LISP, A+: The Independent Guide to and evolution of Logo from LISP; Apple Computing discusses reasons for Logo not v4 n3 p78-80,82,84 Mar 1986 becoming a commonplace programming language; describes Logo program design and its utility for serious programmers; and lists sources of further information on Logo. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Four Instructor Roles in an Suggests teachers consider a Extended LOGO Environment. microworld design for facilitating AEDS Monitor LOGO environments in their v23 n7-8 p13-15 Jan-Feb 1985 classrooms; defines microworld; discusses three stages of microworld design; and describes four levels of progressive involvement in the programing aspects of LOGO in which teachers must participate--learning colleague, programer, designer and consultant, and liaison with developers. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Effects of a LOGO Computer Describes a study which explored the Programming Experience on effects on kindergarten children of Readiness for First Grade, a LOGO computer programing Creativity, and Self Concept. experience lasting one month (20 "A Pilot Study in classes). Results indicate a Kindergarten." positive effect as seen in greater AEDS Monitor gains by treatment group in v23 n7-8 p8-12 Jan-Feb 1985 dependent school readiness variables and no significant effect on creativity or self-concept. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logotherapy: A Way to Help the A former teacher of learning Learning Disabled Help disabled adolescents describes how Themselves. logo-therapy, an approach which stresses responsibility for one's Academic Therapy self, can help students gain new v19 n3 p261-68 Jan 1984 attitudes towards themselves, their peers, and their goals. Examples of circle sessions are offered. (CL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- LOGO and the Development of Provides framework for assessing the General Problem-Solving Skills. extent to which problem-solving skills learned through LOGO, a Alberta Journal of Educational children's Research graphics-oriented-structured v30 n2 p133-44 Jun 1984 computer language, may be transferred to other contexts. Examines principles governing generalization of learning. Discusses learning transfer and components of the LOGO experience that may affect transfer. (SB) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Computer as a Creative Use of the LOGO System, a computer Educational Tool. based learning environment, allows for individualized instruction of American Annals of the Deaf many types of handicapped students v127 n5 p690-92 Sep 1982 and emphasizes process over product in the solving of problems. (CL) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Rationale for LOGO for Preschool-aged twins, one hearing Hearing-Impaired Preschoolers. impaired, the other normally hearing, were introduced to LOGO American Annals of the Deaf using the Apple II Plus. The v128 n5 p564-69 Sep 1983 objectives of the project were to enhance the development of spatial visualization, provide opportunities for problem solving and creative efforts, and introduce an organized symbol system in addition to spoken language. (Author/CL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- LOGO: A Powerful Learning Fourteen hearing impaired Environment for 8-13-year-olds participated in Hearing-Impaired Children. instruction and independent work on American Annals of the Deaf the use of LOGO, a computer v128 n5 p648-52 Sep 1983 programing language. Beginning with simple graphics, they proceeded to editing and experimentation with variables. Then experience has enabled them to view the computer as a method of inquiry and problem solving. (CL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Usng the Turtle Tot Robot to The article describes the Turtle Enhance Logo for the Hearing Tot, a Logo powered robot that helps Impaired. hearing impaired students make the American Annals of the Deaf transition from the concrete v130 n5 p377-82 Nov 1985 geometric movement of their bodies to the directed geometry of computer Logo. (CL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Importance of Research for The article addresses oversimplified Logo. responses to Logo research with hearing impaired students. It American Annals of the Deaf describes goals of current Logo v130 n5 p470-78 Nov 1985 instruction, reviews some Bank Street College research on Logo and thinking skills, offers guidelines to educators for thinking about this research, and illustrates how research may be used to create improved Logo learning materials. (Author/CL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Teachers and Artificial A Ball State University (Indiana) Intelligence: The Logo program was developed to train Connection. teachers of hearing-impaired children to develop simple American Annals of the Deaf demonstrations of artificial v135 n5 p379-83 Dec 1990 intelligence using LOGO. The content is designed to be suitable for intermediate through secondary level students and emphasizes problem-solving and thinking skills. (Author/JDD) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer Center: A Diversity of Title, author(s), publisher, price, Publications on Educational and review are provided for nine Computing. computer oriented publications. These include books related to the American Biology Teacher use of microcomputers in educational v45 n3 p167-69 Mar 1983 settings, computer assisted instruction, LOGO programming language, and the role of the computer in schools as a tutor, tool, and tutee. (JN) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Social and Cognitive Naturalistic observation was used to Interactions in Educational investigate the occurrence of Computer Environments. behaviors reflecting social competence and information American Educational Research processing in problem solving within Journal educational computing environments. v25 n1 p87-106 Spr 1988 Forty-eight first and third graders were observed working in pairs on the computer. Findings indicate that a LOGO programing environment is superior to standard computer-assisted instruction. (TJH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Learning Machines. The potential abilities of Arithmetic Teacher microcomputers to respond to v29 n3 p41-43 Nov 1981 personal learning patterns and individual learning styles are discussed. (MP) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo Fever: The Computer The Logo programing language is Language Every School Is described. Why it is useful is Catching. discussed, followed by an Arithmetic Teacher illustrative activity using Logo. (MNS) Reprint: UMI v31 n1 p48-51 Sep 1983 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Programming, Problem Solving, An activity is described in which and Practice. students write programs for each Arithmetic Teacher other using the Logo programing v31 n4 p32-35 Dec 1983 language. A program developed by two fifth graders is discussed. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Exploring Geometry with Logo. Following a brief introduction to the LOGO programing language, Arithmetic Teacher describes its use in a sixth-grade v32 n1 p16-18 Sep 1984 classroom. The situations described illustrate students' growth while the choice of the situations illustrates teachers' growth. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Training Elementary School A two-week summer computer camp for Teachers to Use Computer--With teachers in grades one through seven Emphasis on Logo. is described. Examples of programing in Logo are included, as well as an Arithmetic Teacher overview of the curriculum, v32 n2 p18-25 Oct 1984 materials, evaluation, and recommendations. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer Corner. A motivational classroom activity involving mazes, with explorations Arithmetic Teacher in the Logo programing language, is v32 n4 p38-39 Dec 1984 described. Use of the Big Trak toy to teach programing is also described. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer Corner. Information on grants for computers, Arithmetic Teacher several recommended books, two Logo v32 n7 p50-51 Mar 1985 programs, and some quotations are included. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Let's Do It: Patterns and Described are: how teachers can use Geometry with Logo. the computer language Logo, along with noncomputer activities, for Arithmetic Teacher v32 n7 p6-13 Mar 1985 teaching about linear and two-dimensional patterns and about combining shapes to create more complex shapes. Three computer program listings are included. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Why Logo? Using Logo as a companion language to BASIC is suggested. Variations on Arithmetic Teacher a computer program on squares are v32 n9 p18-19 May 1985 given, with follow-up activities suggested. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer Corner. Using Logo to work through a maze is described. Suggested programs to Arithmetic Teacher help students learn to debug v33 n2 p46-47 Oct 1985 programs are also included, along with the story of the original "computer bug." (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer Corner. This article: describes how to Arithmetic Teacher prevent pins on game paddles from v33 n4 p56-57 Dec 1985 breaking; suggests using needlepoint books for ideas to design computer graphics; lists a BASIC program to create a Christmas tree, with extension activities; suggests a LOGO Christmas activity; and describes a book on the development of microcomputers. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Turtle Deserves a Star. The use of the computer language Arithmetic Teacher Logo offers an excellent opportunity v33 n7 p14-16 Mar 1986 to use technology to help develop problem-solving skills and other mathematical concepts. Examples of explorations are presented. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Gather, Organize, Display: Four activities are outlined that Mathematics for the Information give students the opportunity to Society. organize and display data. Selecting topics and various ways of Arithmetic Teacher displaying data with a microcomputer v34 n4 p12-15 Dec 1986 are discussed. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with Logo "Instantly." Benefits of Instant Logo are discussed. Activity cards are Arithmetic Teacher illustrated and suggestions for v34 n5 p12-15 Jan 1987 teaching the unit and managing the class are given. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Teaching Mathematics with Presented are ideas for teaching Technology. mathematics with a microcomputer. Ideas include using Apple II Logo to Arithmetic Teacher help select students for activities v35 n1 p42-45 Sep 1987 (Wheel of Fortune) and activities to explore how the programming operates. (RH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- MATHSTUFF Logo Procedures: Described are ways teachers who are Bridging the Gap between Logo familiar with Logo can employ some and School Geometry. special procedures (or programs) that allow students to explore and Arithmetic Teacher use traditional geometric topics v35 n1 p7-11 Sep 1987 within the context of the environment of Logo. The procedures are called MATHSTUFF and allow many traditional pencil-and-paper activities for middle and junior high school students to be transferred to a computer. (RH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- From Pattern-Block Play to Logo Programming. Describes some developmental changes in children's free creations with Arithmetic Teacher pattern blocks and demonstrates how v35 n9 p6-9 May 1988 to build on this natural interest to teach Logo programing. (PK) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Discovering Perimeter and Area Describes an activity intended to with Logo. incorporate investigation into Arithmetic Teacher learning of mathematics. The example v36 n1 p18-24 Sep 1988 cited involved having fourth graders study perimeter and area of rectangles using Logo. The author suggests that what began as a simple exercise in investigating geometric concepts became an exciting exploration that touched on many topics. (PK) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Case for a Logo-based Shortcomings of current curricula Elementary School Geometry for geometry in the elementary Curriculum. school are discussed. The use of the computer programing language Logo to Arithmetic Teacher v36 n3 p11-17 Nov 1988 develop geometric ideas is described, with supporting research. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Discovering Division with Logo. A lesson using Logo was found to be effective when working with concepts Arithmetic Teacher of division. It emphasizes v36 n4 p44-49 Dec 1988 relationships between arithmetic and geometry in a novel way, and has been used with students in grades two and four. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Two Technological Fables. Discusses how calculators and computers can assist in the teaching Arithmetic Teacher of the basic mathematical v36 n8 p50-51 Apr 1989 competencies. (YP) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Teaching Mathematics with Describes how to check constructions Technology. measuring with a protractor or compass and using LOGO programs. The Arithmetic Teacher LOGO program and directions are v37 n6 p64-67 Feb 1990 included. (YP) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Research into Practice. Described is how using LOGO tools Constructing Geometric Concepts for manipulating embodiments of in LOGO. geometric objects helps students Arithmetic Teacher construct more abstract and coherent v38 n3 p15-17 Nov 1990 concepts. Discussions are included on developing verbal definitions versus constructing concepts, tasks for integrating turns and angles, group discussions, and maze tasks. (KR) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Figurate Numbers in the A series of activities involving Classroom. figurate numbers that allow students Arithmetic Teacher at various levels to integrate v38 n7 p42-45 Mar 1991 numerical, geometric, arithmetic, patterning, measuring, and problem-solving skills are presented. A discussion of the geometric and numerical aspects of figurate numbers is included. Appended are IBM Logo procedures that will create pentagonal arrays.(KR) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Teaching Mathematics with Presents activities employing LOGO Technology: Activities to to help create situations that Introduce Your Class to LOGO. enable students to make meaningful cognitive connections while Arithmetic Teacher exploring mathematical v39 n3 p52-54 Nov 1991 relationships. Activities explore the concepts of angles and rotations, progressing from off-line to on-line activities with suggested extensions. (MDH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Teaching Mathematics with A Navajo blanket design was Technology: Making a Navajo constructed on a bulletin board and Blanket Design with Logo. on geoboards. Then a program was written in LOGO to construct the Arithmetic Teacher pattern. Both top-down and bottom-up v40 n9 p520-23 May 1993 techniques were used. Students were encouraged to make their programs more efficient by utilizing repeat and subprocedures. (GW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Children Can Teach Computers to Points out that with LOGO, children Write Poetry] can teach a computer to make shapes and patterns, including patterns Australian Journal of Reading with language, such as poems and v6 n4 p222-28 Nov 1983 sentences. (FL) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- To Mathematics Via Computing. The author stresses that students Australian Mathematics Teacher need a thorough understanding of v39 n1 p6-9 Mar 1983 certain mathematical ideas in order to write adequate computer programs. He presents some examples using BASIC and LOGO and discusses writing programs as a mathematical exercise and using mathematics in programing. (MNS) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Mathematics, Computers and the Recommends an inquiry approach as "Real World." the most effective use of computers Australian Mathematics Teacher in mathematics. Describes 10 types v44 n4 p2-6 Dec 1988 of computer software and nine applications of computers in mathematics. (YP) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Algebra by Computer. Describes the use of three computer tools used to enhance the teaching Australian Mathematics Teacher and learning of algebra: the v48 n4 p28-32 Nov 1992 spreadsheet, LOGO, and computer algebra tools. Examines the strengths of each tool and presents practical considerations for their use. (MDH) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Schools Computer Education in Discusses developments in computer Australia. education at the elementary secondary level in Tasmania, South British Journal of Educational Australia, and West Australia. Six Technology references are listed. (LLS) v13 n1 p56-64 Jan 1982 Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- LOGO: More Than a Decade Later. Examines current state of Logo programming language and research on British Journal of Educational Logo and presents conclusions about Technology the efficacy of Logo as a research v17 n1 p35-41 Jan 1986 and teaching tool. Conclusions discuss use of Logo to teach computer literacy; transfer of training; representativeness and reliability of Logo research results; and Logo research methodology. (Author/MBR) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computers and Children of Results of a study of disadvantaged Primary School Age: Issues and primary school children which Questions. focused on effects of exposure to British Journal of Educational Logo, microcomputer social Technology interaction, and children's v17 n2 p133-44 May 1986 expressed interest in computers, are discussed in context of relevant literature. It is concluded computer literacy should be primary goal at this level and computer equity is crucial. (MBR) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Legacy of the Describes the Microelectronics Microelectronics Education Education Programme (MEP), a plan Programme. developed to help British secondary British Journal of Educational school students learn about Technology microcomputers and the role of v18 n3 p165-81 Oct 1987 technology in society, and its successor, the Microelectronics Support Unit (MESU). Highlights include curriculum development, teacher training, computer assisted instruction and the software required, educational research and LOGO, and managing innovation. (LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning to Think by Learning Fifteen third-grade students learned LOGO: Rule Learning in LOGO during the school year. The Third-Grade Computer group who received one hour per week Programmers. of individual computer time Bulletin of the Psychonomic (separate from in-class instruction) Society did significantly better on a v21 n3 p165-67 1983 conditional rule-learning task than did students who received one-half hour per week of individual computer time. (GC) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- PILOT, SNOBOL, and LOGO as Three programming languages--PILOT, Computing Tools for SNOBOL, and LOGO--are described and Foreign-Language Instruction. evaluated as tools for foreign language computer-assisted CALICO Journal instruction, and a small sample v3 n2 p41-47 Dec 1985 program in each language is given. A bibliography is included. (Author/SED) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Logo Syndrome. The present research emphasis on collaborative programs, such as CALICO Journal Logo, leaves computer-assisted v5 n4 p76-82 Jun 1988 language learning (CALL) in a highly vulnerable position. CALL research and theory development must return to testing the viability of various instructional approaches. (Author/CB) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- LOGO and Special Education. The article examines the current Canadian Journal of Special status of the LOGO programming Education language and LOGO research within v4 n1 p43-48 1988 special education. Efficacy conclusions include LOGO's strengths: (1) as a socializing agent; (2) in maintaining the attention of hyperactive children; (3) in improving academic performance; and (4) in increasing self esteem. (Author/DB) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Effects of General Strategy Sixteen hearing-impaired adolescents Instruction on Problem-Solving received instruction in the graphics among Impulsive, Hearing mode of the LOGO computing language. Impaired Adolescents. Eight of the students also received Canadian Journal of Special strategy training to enhance Education reflective problem solving and v5 n2 p159-67 1989 subsequently demonstrated fewer programing errors and improved problem-solving ability with LOGO, compared to controls. Highly impulsive students achieved the greatest gains. (Author/JDD) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Urban Senegal and Rural Gambia: Describes two educational programs Computer and Community in West Africa: a (LOGO) computer Education Programs. education program in Senegal, and a Childhood Education "self-improvement" community v62 n3 p182-85 Jan-Feb 1986 education program in The Gambia. While these two programs are diverse in geographic location, population, and curriculum materials, both are action-oriented, learner controlled, and consider the learner's broader cultural environment. (BB) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Creativity through Play with Demonstrates how the LOGO computer Logo. language's flexibility can be used to stimulate children's creativity, Childhood Education while its structured nature helps v64 n4 p220-24 Apr 1988 develop problem-solving skills. Stresses the use of exercises involving the transformation of simple patterns as a means of encouraging creativity. (SKC) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Upper Grades Ideas. Offers such teaching activities as a Classroom Computer Learning one-line program contest, field v4 n2 p72-73 Sep 1983 trips, examining job openings in newspapers, and a writing activity speculating what would happen if robots did not follow Isaac Asimov's "Three Laws of Robotics." Includes "Logo Goes to High School" by E. Paul Goldenberg, discussing problem-solving tasks using Logo. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- "Had We But World Enough and Discusses a project using Logo with Time": Logo in Special special needs children--primarily Education. six to 10 year olds who are Classroom Computer Learning physically handicapped and/or v4 n3 p34-36,38-39 Oct 1983 learning disabled. Indicates that microcomputers should provide motivation and a means of communication, reveal hidden strengths, and empower children to be in control of their own learning. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Early Grades Ideas. Moving Logo's Turtle, a program for Classroom Computer Learning printing initials, using bulletin v4 n3 p62-63 Oct 1983 boards to show what computers can do, and shortcuts for Atari PILOT's Turtle are the classroom ideas provided. Includes "Showing the Computer Who's Boss" (Robert Kavanagh) which provides various Apple programing techniques for fourth grade students. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Early Grades Ideas. Presents activities for language arts, differentiating between a Classroom Computer Learning variable name and its value, v4 n4 p62-63 Nov-Dec 1983 creating music using PILOT, and playing LOGO games. Includes the article "Take the Turtle to School: A Child's View of Programming" by Jack McLeod. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Upper Grades Ideas. Presents programming ideas using LOGO, activity for converting Classroom Computer Learning flowchart into a computer program, v4 n4 p68-69 Nov-Dec 1983 and a Pascal program for generating music using paddles. Includes the article "Helping Computers Adapt to Kids" by Philip Nothnagle; a program for estimating length of lines is included. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer as Mudpie. Seymour Papert, creator of LOGO, Classroom Computer Learning explains how he came to create this v4 n6 p36-38,40 Jan 1984 important problem-solving language and how he intended it to be used to foster learning among children. What children can do with turtle geometry (indicated to be a natural approach to mathematics) is one topic considered. (Author/JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Early Grades Ideas. Presented are four teaching Classroom Computer Learning activities for early grades, v4 n6 p64-65 Jan 1984 including one using the Atari PILOT "fill" command. Includes an article ("The Human Computer") by Andy Van Duyne suggesting a role-playing activity designed to illustrate programing techniques and terms. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Beginner's Sequence of Presents various programing Programming Activities. activities using the BASIC and LOGO Classroom Computer Learning programing languages. Activities are v5 n2 p40-41 Sep 1984 included in separate sections with a title indicating the nature of the activities and the "tools" (commands) needed. For example, "Old-fashioned drawing" requires several tools (PRINT, LIST, RUN, GOTO) to make drawings using BASIC. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Using Logo to Shape Artistic Outlines four dual art and Ideas. computer-art lessons, presenting lesson objectives, activities, and Classroom Computer Learning suggested instructional strategies. v5 n2 p60-62 Sep 1984 The lessons focus on the usefulness of shared images, how moving an object affects its shape, creating the illusion of depth on a two-dimensional surface, and the relationship of parts to the whole. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Early Grades Ideas. Five computer-oriented classroom activities are suggested. They Classroom Computer Learning include: Logo programming to help v5 n3 p58-59 Oct 1984 students develop estimation, logic and spatial skills; creating flow charts; inputting data; making snowflakes using Logo; and developing and using a database management program. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Conversation with Seymour Once touted as the wonder Papert: Logo Under Fire. programming language of the Classroom Computer Learning classroom, Logo is now a hotbed of v5 n5 p28-29,58-59 Jan 1985 controversy. Various issues related to the controversy are examined in an interview with Seymuor Papert, coauthor of the language. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Different Visions of Logo. Reviews the various ways in which Classroom Computer Learning LOGO has been used by teachers both v7 n3 p46-49 Nov-Dec 1986 correctly and inappropriately. Discusses the status of and future direction of LOGO in classroom instruction. Provides a summary of the third annual LOGO Conference. (ML) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-Size Ideas. Presents practical teaching suggestions selected from Classroom Computer Learning commercially available materials and v7 n3 p66-69 Nov-Dec 1986 also submitted by readers that can be easily adapted to different grade levels. Contains seven computer based ideas on topics such as computerized banking, database management, trigonometry applications, timing programs, keyboard use, and programming exercises. (ML) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Finding the Best Logo for Your Variations among different versions Students. of Logo are discussed in terms of special hardware needed, size and Classroom Computer Learning speed, bugs and misfeatures, and v7 n7 p41-47 Apr 1987 syntax. LogoWriter and Object Logo are also described. A comparison chart is included. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Giant Inch and Other Logo Three examples are given in which Programs for Math Class. students create their own Logo software to explore the topics of Classroom Computer Learning number patterns and operations, v7 n7 p57-59 Apr 1987 fractions, and decimal parts in measurement. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Monsters, Purple Penguins, and Discusses the list processing Fun with Words: An Introduction capabilities of Logo. Describes some to Logo List Processing. examples of how to use this aspect of Logo to enhance computer literacy Classroom Computer Learning and English-language skills. (TW) v8 n5 p54-57 Feb 1988 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- LEGO Meets LOGO. Described is an interface system between LEGO construction toys and Classroom Computer Learning LOGO prgramming language. This LEGO v8 n7 p50-51,54,56-58 Apr 1988 TC Logo project used animated toys constructed by children in elementary school classrooms and controlled via Apple computers. (CW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-Size Ideas. Discusses four applications of the Classroom Computer Learning microcomputer to the classroom: (1) v9 n2 p108-09 Oct 1988 a program listing of how to draw circles on the Apple II computers; (2) using a database to help write stories; (3) switching computers with others while writing stories to encourage creativity; and (4) a listing of a LOGO kaleidoscope program. (MVL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- How I Learned to Stop Worrying Account of the successful and Love the Microcomputer. introduction of a microcomputer into Classroom Computer News an elementary school, which resulted v3 n3 p40-42 Jan-Feb 1983 in computer awareness throughout the school. The school is now involved in teaching programing with LOGO and BASIC, use of computer simulation, drill and practice lessons, and mini courses for teachers and students. (EAO) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Input/Output: Ideas from the Points out that the secret of Classroom. successful Logo teaching appears to Classroom Computer News lie in knowing when to intervene and v3 n5 p28-32 Apr 1983 when not to. Sample programs and instructional sessions are included to illustrate when to intervene without intercepting student discovery. (JN) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Complete Guide to Logo. Provides information on Logo, a powerful computer language that Classroom Computer News allows students to control their own v3 n5 p35,37-39 Apr 1983 learning. Includes list of available Logo and Turtle Graphics programs (publisher, manufacturer, hardware requirements, software/print materials, and price included). Cautions buyers to beware of imitations which may not support all Logo features such as list-processing. (JN) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Beginner's Guide to Logo. Describes some commands, simple programing procedures, and Classroom Computer News applications of the programing v3 n5 p35-39 Apr 1983 language LOGO, including its powerful recursive feature and its value in teaching problem solving. A listing of LOGO graphics packages includes details of software and print materials, prices, and microcomputers that will support the packages. (EAO) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with Logo. Provides Logo activities designed for adults and children to use Classroom Computer News together. Although activities are v3 n5 p40-43 Apr 1983 designed for Terrapin/Krell Logo, modifications are provided for use with Apple Logo or TI Logo (Texas Instruments). "Bugs" are introduced in one activity to demonstrate how they can lead to unexpected results. (JN) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Is There Logo after Turtle Ideas, suggestions, and program Graphics? listings are provided to demonstrate Logo's list-processing capabilities. Classroom Computer News These include printing, writing, v3 n5 p50-53 Apr 1983 composing, and drawing words; word power, word lists, random words, and creating words. Program listings are for Apple (LCSI) Logo version. (JN) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- In Review. Reviews Apple-II versions of Classroom Computer News "CyberLogo Turtle" and "Delta v3 n5 p60-66 Apr 1983 Drawing." Focuses on special features, educational value, design quality, written materials, and ease of use, pointing out strengths and weaknesses. Both programs are given high rankings for criteria reviewed. (JN) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Three-Key Logo. Three-Key Logo is a useful method for introducing young children to Classroom Computer News Logo because it does not require v3 n6 p68-69 May-Jun 1983 numbers skills and eliminates typing slow-down. Briefly outlines the method and provides an exercise which may be duplicates for classroom use. (JN) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Implementing Logo in Middle Outlines a program for implementing Level Classrooms. the Logo computer language in the Clearing House classroom. Presents five v60 n6 p258-60 Feb 1987 introductory lessons that can be used with upper elementary students and some introductory comments about planning. (SRT) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Cognitive Objectives in LOGO Two studies (N=56) assessed an Debugging Curriculum: instruction program designed to Instruction, Learning, and teach elementary school children a Transfer. complex computer-programming Cognitive Psychology skill--how to debug LOGO graphics v20 n3 p362-404 Jul 1988 and listing-processing programs. The use of a precise computer simulation model proved to be the crux of the instructional model's success. (TJH) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Vectors in a LOGO Learning An environment for investigating Environment. vector-valued functions in two- and three-dimensional space using Logo College Mathematics Journal is described. The language is v16 n4 p286-300 Sep 1985 presented, followed by use of the environment. Appended are Logo primitives and procedures. (MNS) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer Corner. This review features new examples of using the computer relative to College Mathematics Journal college-level mathematics to enhance v22 n2 p148-59 Mar 1991 pedagogy, solve problems, and model real-life situations. Included is a LOGO program that can be used to create and to stimulate subsequent investigations of spirolaterals, those figures generated by repeatedly drawing basic loops. (JJK) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer Use in the Discussion of the use of computers Classroom--II. An Assessment of in elementary schools highlights a Using the Computer as a Tool study of four districts in Canada. and as Tutee. Topics discussed include the use of word processing; the use of LOGO for Computers and Education tutoring purposes; the role of the v13 n3 p271-77 1989 teacher; and guidelines for integrating computer-assisted learning (CAL) into the elementary school curriculum. (16 references) (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Josef, the Robot. Describes "Josef," a robot programing language similar to the Computers and Education LOGO turtle language, which has been v6 n3 p287-93 1982 designed as an instructional system through which the algorithmic problem-solving skills required in computer programing can be developed and tested in a controlled learning environment. Four figures and a reference list are included. (JL) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Individual Differences among Describes a study conducted with 14 Young Children in LOGO preschoolers to determine (1) Environments. whether all children are competent programers functioning adequately in Computers and Education a LOGO environment and (2) if v9 n4 p221-26 1985 individual differences in learning do exist, whether they can be attributed to children's mathematical aptitude, creativity, cognitive style, and computer or computer-related experiences. (MBR) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Creative Arts Approach to Discusses "Object LOGO," a symbolic Computer Programming. computer programing language for use in the creative arts. Describes the Computers and the Humanities use of the program in approaching v25 n5 p267-73 Oct 1991 arts projects from textual, graphic, and musical perspectives. Suggests that use of the program can promote development of creative skills and humanities learning in general. (SG) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer-Based Instructional Discusses computer software as an Strategies to Improve instructional means of enhancing Creativity. curricular goals associated with Computers in Human Behavior creativity. Theoretical literature v4 n1 p23-28 1988 on creativity is reviewed; LOGO is discussed as a program to improve creativity in school children; and some ways to enhance instruction to improve the creative process are suggested. (29 references) (Author/LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Educational Promise of Discussion of Logo use to teach Logo. children computer programing covers the educational theory behind Logo, Computers in the Schools how it differs from other programing v1 n1 p79-89 Spr 1984 languages, its educational promise, its graphics capabilities, Logo research, and different versions available. It is argued that educational computing will succeed only if it provides new ways of teaching. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Effects of Computer Reviews research on the effects of Environments on the educational application of Social-Emotional Development: computers on student Logo and Computer-Assisted social-emotional development and Instruction. details a study which examined the effects of two computer Computers in the Schools environments--computer assisted v2 n2-3 p11-31 Sum-Fall 1985 instruction and Logo--on six specific components of social-emotional competence (initiation and participation, social problem-solving, social sensitivity, compliance, effectance motivation, and self-concept). (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Teacher's View of Logo: From Briefly discusses several frequently Theory to Practice. encountered barriers to learning--negative impact on inner Computers in the Schools self, threatening situations, v2 n2-3 p133-38 Sum-Fall 1985 rewards, and blockage of spontaneous exploration--from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Ways in which Logo is useful in removing these barriers are noted. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- BASIC, Logo, and Pilot: A Following a brief history of Logo, Comparison of Three Computer BASIC, and Pilot programing Languages. languages, common educational programing tasks (input from Computers in the Schools keyboard, evaluation of keyboard v2 n2-3 p139-63 Sum-Fall 1985 input, and computation) are presented in each language to illustrate how each can be used to perform the same tasks and to demonstrate each language's strengths and weaknesses. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Different Visions of Logo. The developer of Logo describes Computers in the Schools several creative ways in which the v2 n2-3 p3-8 Sum-Fall 1985 Logo programing language is being used to capitalize on its full potential. He also discusses biases and problems relating to Logo use which limit student creativity and self-learning. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Different Logo Learning Describes a study which examined how Environments and Mastery: elementary school students learning Relationships between Logo through structured and Engagement and Learning. unstructured teaching methods compared in time on task, Computers in the Schools discipline, and organization v2 n2-3 p33-43 Sum-Fall 1985 factors, and whether techniques other than mastery measures can be used to differentiate Logo classes taught by structured and unstructured techniques. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Effect of Logo on A study was conducted to determine Attributions toward Success. Logo's effect on problem solving, locus of control, math attitudes, Computers in the Schools and angle recognition in v2 n2-3 p45-54 Sum-Fall 1985 learning-disabled and nonlearning-disabled junior high school students. No significant differences were found on the variables under investigation, but more students reported internal attributions toward Logo than expected, based on pretest scores. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Research on Logo in Education: This review of the research on Logo Is the Turtle Slow but Steady, use with pre-high school students or Not Even in the Race? highlights programing and learning stages, cognitive requirements, and Computers in the Schools effects of Logo programing on v2 n2-3 p55-71 Sum-Fall 1985 social-emotional development, achievement, and problem-solving abilities. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning Logo: What Is Really Review of existing research on the Learned? general cognitive outcomes of Logo Computers in the Schools training concludes there is little v2 n2-3 p73-78 Sum-Fall 1985 data-based or empirical evidence on the effects of teaching Logo to children. It is suggested that current research on Logo should be more directly tied to outcomes related to learning a structured computer language. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Research on Computers and Eight articles review and report on Problem Solving. research involving computers and Computers in the Schools problem solving skills. Topics v4 n3-4 p59-166 Fall-Win discussed include research design; problem solving skills and 1987-88 programing languages, including BASIC and LOGO; computer anxiety; diagnostic programs for arithmetic problems; and relationships between ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ability and problem solving scores and between computer programing and mathematics ability. (LRW) Assessing the Impact of This review of research on Computer-Based Instruction: A microcomputers and their impact on Review of Recent Research. education highlights literature reviews and findings from 1975 to Computers in the Schools the present; meta-analysis issues v5 n3-4 1988 and procedures; findings of research on instructional effectiveness; word processing; Logo; student attitudes and characteristics; and implications of these findings for computer use and research. (192 references) (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Effectiveness of Logo Describes study that was conducted Instruction in Reducing to determine whether instruction in Mathematics Anxiety among computer programing using Logo would Eighth-Grade Students. be more effective than other activities in decreasing mathematics Computers in the Schools anxiety scores among eighth grade v6 n3-4 p103-12 1989 students. Treatment of experimental and control groups is explained, implications for teachers are discussed, and future research is suggested. (26 references) (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Analogical Reasoning: A Undergraduates in a computer Cognitive Consequence of literacy class were pretested on Programming? analogical reasoning skills. One section then received LOGO Computers in the Schools programing instruction, and the v8 n4 p135-45 1991 other section received nonprograming instruction on computer uses in education. Posttest results indicated that analogical reasoning skills development is a consequence of LOGO programing and that analogical reasoning is important to programing problem solving. (18 references) (MES) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo: The Case for a Cautious Discussion of positive and negative Advocacy. aspects of educational computing Computers in the Schools focuses on the use of the Logo v9 n1 p59-79 1992 programing language. Topics addressed include access to computers; software; teacher training, both preservice and inservice; implementation of computers; claims about the benefits of using computers; the role of schools in culture; and future possibilities. (24 references) (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Language of Robots. Lists the ways that incorporating a programmable robot into an Computers, Reading and Language elementary school curriculum Arts improves students' speaking, v1 n4 p35-37,58 Spr 1984 listening, reading, and writing skills. (AEA) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning Logo and Liking It. Discusses author's adaptation of the computer language Logo as an aid in Computing Teacher teaching college preservice v10 n3 p18-20 Nov 1982 education students programming, geometry, arithmetic, and problem solving. A description of how Logo works and an example of how "turtle geometry" can be used to help teach geometry concepts are included. Four references are listed. (EJS) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo and the Primary-Junior Describes initial encounter of a Pupil: One Student's First fifth grade student with Logo, a Encounter. computer program language designed Computing Teacher to develop in the user a knowledge v10 n3 p28-31 Nov 1982 of programing, geometry, arithmetic, and problem solving. A brief description of Logo, programing examples, and two references are included. (EJS) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Creating a Logo Environment. Discusses creation of computer Computing Teacher classroom environment by v10 n3 p46-50 Nov 1982 implementing Logo, a computer program language designed to develop knowledge of programing, mathematics, and problem solving. Five questions are examined concerning Logo environment, attributes, elements absent in Logo environment, reasons for creating environment, and how to begin. Six references are included. (EJS) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- WATERCROSS: A Logo Exploration. Describes a short computer program Computing Teacher written in Logo programing language v10 n3 p51-54 Nov 1982 designed to provide students with new experiences in the study of vectors as they apply to classical physics. Suggestions for introductions, preparation, follow-up activities, and program examples are included. (EJS) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Logo Center. Four recent sources of classroom Logo--Beginning a New School activities written by and for Logo Year. teachers for use with young children are listed, and seven brief lesson Computing Teacher plans suitable for introducing v11 n1 p42-44 Aug 1983 first-grade pupils to Logo are provided. Several educational computer games are included. (EAO) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Classroom Management for Logo. Discusses classroom organization and management techniques for using Logo Computing Teacher in an elementary school classroom, v11 n5 p12-14 Dec-Jan 1983-84 including computer placement, daily scheduling, utilization of resource charts for questions on computer use, and student use of diskettes for keeping track of their computer accomplishments. A rationale for choosing Logo is also provided. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Supporting Young Children's Describes a series of programs Logo Programming. written in Logo that have been used Computing Teacher successfully to support young v11 n5 p24-30 Dec-Jan 1983-84 children's programing efforts. These programs remove the mechanical obstacles of typing, spelling, and estimating distances; remove the demands of abstract planning and ordering instruction; and provide a set of programing procedures. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Helping Students with Describes activities designed to Recursion: Teaching Strategies. teach students about embedded Part III: Teaching Students recursion. Topics cover providing about Embedded Recursion. intuitions about embedded Computing Teacher recursions, predicting embedded v11 n7 p64-69 Mar 1984 recursions, seeing patterns and processes, presenting graphic designs containing embedded copies of themselves, and exploring graphics, numerical, and word examples. Parts I and II are in December/January and February issues. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Tree. Relates experiences of an elementary Computing Teacher school reading teacher and a group v11 n9 p22-28 May 1984 of fifth- and sixth-grade students in exploring the computer programing language Logo. Use of a tree-like figure as an illustration for the concept of recursion is described. Programing commands and graphic illustrations are included. (EJS) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo Today: Vision and Reality. Discusses issues of Logo learning, including mode and content of Computing Teacher learning in Logo and possible v12 n5 p26-32 Feb 1985 results; use of study guide to increase children's learning of powerful ideas in Logo; subprocedures, modularity, and structured programing use and related learning problems; debugging difficulties; and Logo research needs. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Research Windows. Summarizes five studies: (1) new sight words for computer-using Computing Teacher children; (2) immediate rewards for v13 n5 p46-47 Feb 1986 correct answers with computer assisted instruction; (3) importance of parental attitude and experience to student achievement with computers; (4) Logo and adolescent females' mathematics achievement; and (5) competition versus cooperation for male and female mathematics achievement. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Assessing Learning with Logo: A This study used the Model for Pilot Study. Assessing Learning with Logo (Nolan and Ryba) to examine effects of Logo Computing Teacher programming on junior high school v14 n1 p24-28 Aug-Sep 1986 students' thinking skills. The model addresses both student acquisition of Logo-related thinking skills and the extent to which they transfer skills to noncomputer problem solving tasks. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo, Teacher Intervention and Discusses the importance of teacher the Development of Thinking intervention in the use of Logo in Skills. elementary and junior high schools, Computing Teacher emphasizing a process-oriented v15 n3 p12-16 Nov 1987 approach to teaching. The use of worksheets, questioning techniques, and providing a socially reflective and interactive environment are described, and a checklist to see if criteria are being successfully met is provided. (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo Learning Tools Build Description of the use of Logo for Informal Geometry Ideas: Part teaching geometry is the first in a I. two-part series on the development of Logo tools for doing middle Computing Teacher school mathematics. The learning v15 n8 p11-15 May 1988 process is discussed, and examples of activities integrating Logo with teacher-prepared procedures are presented. (Author/LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Research Windows. Describes five studies on educational computing: (1) word Computing Teacher processing and writing processes in v16 n2 p7-8,56 Oct 1988 colleges; (2) simulations and problem solving for learning disabled high school students; (3) social interaction and problem solving in children using Logo and drill and practice programs; (4) computer access and flowcharting in programing instruction; and (5) natural curiosity and computing with eighth graders. (LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Reflective Teacher's Presents a case study of a fourth Interventions with a Tentative grade student learning Logo and Learner of Logo: A Case Study. describes the teacher interventions used to help solve problems. Computing Teacher Interviews with the teacher are v16 n4 p51-55 Dec-Jan 1988-89 related, observations of the student are described, and the process of diagnostic teaching is discussed. (eight references) (LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Readers Respond: Spirolaterals Discussion of the use of computers and Matrices. in math instruction highlights two possibilities suggested in response Computing Teacher to an earlier journal column: (1) a v16 n9 p17-20 Jun 1989 program written in BASIC for producing spirolaterals, and (2) the use of LOGO list processing to solve matrix problems for exploring geometric transformations. (LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Research Windows. Describes four research studies that Computing Teacher deal with students and computers. v17 n2 p5-7 Oct 1989 Three are programing studies that examine the effects of computer programing on problem solving and other cognitive skills of students in grades four through eight; the fourth study analyzes characteristics of students who entered a programing competition. (LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Wrapping in the First Grade Describes an action research study Classroom. that observed the use of Logo by Computing Teacher first grade children in public v17 n4 p12-13,52 Dec-Jan schools. Students' use of screen 1989-90 wraps is highlighted, and learning activities other than programing that resulted are described, including problem solving, acquisition of mathematical concepts and language, peer tutoring, and productive play. (LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- AI in the Elementary, Middle, Describes activities that present and Secondary Classroom. concepts and applications of artificial intelligence (AI) for Computing Teacher elementary and secondary school v17 n5 p14-19 Feb 1990 students. The use of Logo with elementary students is discussed; appropriate software is described; programing activities using Logo, BASIC, and Prolog are examined; and the field of robotics is discussed. (four references) (LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Factoring with the Turtle. Provides Terrapin LOGO programs that use graphic manipulatives--squares, Computing Teacher logs, and units--to form the area of v19 n1 p30-32 Aug-Sep 1991 a rectangle as a graphical representation for any trinomial of the form: Axx + Bx + C. An important component is the connection of the procedural skill of trinomial factoring to the visualization of the accompanying rectangular displays. (JJK) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Introducing Young Children to Argues that young children learn Logo. LOGO programing language more effectively through guided discovery Computing Teacher using games and techniques that v20 n4 p12-14 Dec-Jan 1992-93 encourage exploration of the software. Specific examples of games, drawings and accomplishments of Australian children are included. (EA) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer Applications for Four articles discuss Children. computer-assisted instruction, including (1) a middle school art Computing Teacher and computer departments project v20 n7 p16-20,22-28,37-38 Apr that used LOGO to create rose window 1993 designs; (2) student journals; (3) the application of Piaget constructivism and Vygotskin social interaction to LOGO learning; and (4) computer lab writing workshops for elementary school students. (19 references) (LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Educational and Personal Measures of general personality, Characteristics of Four study habits and attitudes, test Different Types of Learning- anxiety, locus of control, and and Grade-Oriented Students. psychological types were used to provide a personal and educational Contemporary Educational characterization for students in Psychology each of the four different groups v11 n1 p54-67 Jan 1986 defined by LOGO II, a questionnaire designed to examine for grade orientation and learning orientation. (LMO) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Effects of Logo Computer A study involving 174 fifth- and Programming Experience on sixth-grade students from two public Problem Solving and Spatial elementary schools was conducted to Relations Ability. determine the effects of Logo programing experience on students' Contemporary Educational problem solving and spatial Psychology relations abilities. Results v13 n4 p348-57 Oct 1988 indicate that LOGO programing contributes to student abilities in the two areas under observation. (TJH) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Comparison of the Problem An 18-month study of an elementary Solving Styles of Two Students school computer laboratory is Learning Logo: A Computer discussed. (MK) Reprint: UMI Language for Children. Elementary Education Creative Computing v5 n12 p86-88,90 Dec 1979 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Seymour Papert and the Logo The views of Dr. Seymour Papert, Universe. developer of the LOGO programing Creative Computing language, are presented along with a v7 n12 p70,72,74 Dec 1981 general discussion of the potential of LOGO to open up computers to young children. (MP) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- What is Logo? LOGO (a computer language) is designed to provide an environment Creative Computing in which learners determine a v8 n10 p112-29 Oct 1982 problem to solve, make choices, experiment, try out solutions, and build on what they already know. Student activities using LOGO and the teacher's role in a LOGO classroom are discussed. (JN) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Friendly Computer Discusses several computer languages Lanaguage. (Atari Pilot and different versions of LOGO) supporting the turtle Creative Computing graphics mode. Also discusses v8 n10 p55-60 Oct 1982 educational applications and use of LOGO by the handicapped. (JN) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo Ideas. Some aspects of use of the LOGO programing language are discussed. Creative Computing The ideas focus on the creation of v8 n9 p126 Sep 1982 geometric patterns, particularly as viewed from the perspective of a beginner with this language. The material is designed to stimulate individual experimentation and exploration. (MP) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Mathematics--A Visual Stresses the importance of Experience. visualization in mathematics Curriculum Review education by reviewing research v21 n4 p413-15 Oct 1982 dealing with the relationship between mathematical and spatial ability, and recommends that such findings be incorporated into mathematics instruction. (JJD) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Talking to the Turtle: A Analyzes the discourse of Logo Discourse Analysis of Logo lessons and suggests that successful Instruction. learning of Logo concepts may Discourse Processes involve a careful structuring of the v11 n2 p183-201 Apr-Jun 1988 teaching context. (SR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Age, Gender and Spatial A total of 31 three- and Knowledge Influences on four-year-old children were observed Preschoolers' Computer at four computer tasks in order to Programming Ability. determine the extent to which spatial knowledge and memory for the Early Child Development and language and mechanics of programing Care were related. (Author/RH) UMI v14 n3-4 p243-50 Mar 1984 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Play and Learning with Discusses the possible disruptive Computers. influence of computers on young children's play, the age at which Early Child Development and children can benefit from using a Care computer language like LOGO, v19 n1-2 p69-78 1985 promoting cognitive development through experiences with computers, and whether playing with computers is actually play. (RH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computers in Pre-School Argues that, while software for Education. preschoolers does not use the Early Child Development and potential of the computer as Care effectively as it might, v19 n4 p319-36 1985 observations with children using the LOGO language with simplified graphics suggest gains may be made in the areas of cognitive development, problem solving, creativity, and social and language skills. (Author/KS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Parental Teaching Styles in an This study extends earlier work on Open-Ended Teaching-Learning parental teaching style and examines Environment. effects of parental intrusiveness on Early Childhood Research a subsequent task. Analysis of audio Quarterly recordings of 22 Caucasian v1 n4 p407-15 Dec 1986 middle-class parent-child dyads audiotaped over a two-week period while dyads were learning aspects of LOGO computer programing showed that children of directive parents performed best on a subsequent generalization task. (DR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Not the Computer but Human Describes a research project with Interaction Is the Basis for teen-aged students in Denmark to Cognitive Development and illustrate the cognitive processes Education. involved in learning computer Education and Computing programing and discusses the v2 n1-2 p53-61 1986 difficulties students encounter when learning to program. The use of home computers is briefly examined in the context of the need for human interaction in learning programing. (Author/LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Microcomputers in the Two studies addressed various issues Classroom. concerning the use of microcomputers in the classroom. One focused on the Education and Computing attitudes and concerns of teachers v3 n3-4 p133-49 1987 regarding the use of innovation, such as microcomputers, in instruction; the second explained the integration of Logo learning environments into the mathematics curriculum of primary schools in Belgium. (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- New Technologies in Education. Three articles on the use of new technologies in education focus on Education and Computing (1) Digital Video Interactive (DVI) v3 n3-4 p239-57 1987 Technology and its value in designing and developing educational materials for children; (2) problem solving with computers by using functions; and (3) new information technology and educational change in Norway. (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Programming Languages or Discussion of methods that can be Generic Software Tools, for used to teach beginner courses in Beginners' Courses in Computer computer literacy focuses on Literacy? students aged 10-12. The value of using a programing language versus Education and Computing using a generic software package is v3 n3-4 p265-68 1987 highlighted; Logo and Prolog are reviewed; and the use of databases is discussed. (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Integrating Informatics into Describes how informatics is being the Curriculum. integrated into the Bulgarian Education and Computing schools' curriculum through the use v3 n3-4 p269-74 1987 of microcomputers, Logo, and appropriate software. A set of problems that could be used for introducing informatics is presented which is based on the programming notions of cycle, recursion, and coding. (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- How to Make the Best Use of Discusses computer science Limited Computer Resources in developments in French primary French Primary Schools. schools and describes strategies for Education and Computing using computers in the classroom v4 n3 p191-96 1988 most efficiently. Highlights include the use of computer networks; software; artificial intelligence and expert systems; computer-assisted learning (CAL) and intelligent CAL; computer peripherals; simulation; and teaching programing and transfer of training. (five references) (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Preschoolers + Computers = ABC: Describes a study conducted with six Computer Programming Abilities pupils using Apple II Plus of Five-Year-Old Children. microcomputers and LOGO to determine whether five year olds can perform Educational Computer simple computer programing. This v3 n4 p10-12 Jul-Aug 1983 report describes the introductory educational games and activities, the pre- and posttests, some general findings, and possible implications for the teaching of problem-solving skills. (EAO) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Using Microcomputers with the Discusses two uses of microcomputers Learning Disabled: Will the for learning disabled (LD) Potential Be Realized? children--one uses them to do traditional things more efficiently; Educational Computer the other includes involvement of LD v4 n1 p31-32 Jan 1984 children with computer programing, particularly LOGO, and use of simulation and word processing programs. Reasons why LOGO is ideal for LD children are identified. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- LOGO Helps Remove Children's Discusses the philosophy behind LOGO Handicaps. and presents several examples of how it has been adapted for use with Educational Computer physically and mentally handicapped v4 n1 p33-35 Jan 1984 and learning disabled children to promote academic and social development through computer programing. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Powerful Ideas. Seymour Papert, the inventor of the computer language LOGO, claims even Educational Leadership small children can learn to program v40 n2 p68-70 Nov 1982 computers. Children must think through what they want the computer to do and thereby develop a deeper understanding of the material. (Author/MLF) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Exciting Effects of Logo in an In 1982-83 the St. Paul, Minnesota, Urban Public School System. schools introduced computers using Educational Leadership LOGO programs into the system. v43 n1 p45-47 Sep 1985 Research shows that, as a result, half the students improved in academic performance, and low-achieving students improved at the same rate as other students. MD) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computers, Children and The implementation of a computer Epistemology. education program in a Hawaiian Educational Perspectives school is described. The use of the v22 n4 p16-20 Win 1984 LOGO programing language is central to the program, and teachers' comments on student behaviors and reactions are included. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Higher Education, Higher Eastern Michigan University's logo Values: The Anatomy of a Logo depicting a Huron Indian was Decision. discontinued in response to concern about use of American-Indian names Educational Record and symbols. The process of v72 n3 p36-38 Sum 1991 developing a new logo design compatible with institutional values and goals illustrated that moral indifference in integrity and values is antithetical to institutional mission. (MSE) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Importance of a Methodology Discusses advantages and That Maximizes Falsifiability: disadvantages of two types of Its Applicability to Research research methodologies used to study About LOGO. the effect of LOGO in classroom settings: the treatment methodology Educational Researcher and computer criticism. Stresses the v16 n5 p11-16 Jun-Jul 1987 importance of testable consequences. (PS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Aims of Software Criticism: Refutes Seymour Papert's premises Reply to Professor Papert. because they: (1) maintain that Educational Researcher computer criticism goes through v16 n5 p4-7 Jun-Jul 1987 developmental stages; (2) overlook the fact that the computer's newness in education affects the way people speak of computers; and (3) deny the necessity that teaching LOGO, like other pedagogies, should be accountable to experimental research. (PS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- LOGO Needs Research: A Response Agrees with Seymour Papert that to Papert's Paper. conventional experimentation has Educational Researcher shortcomings when used to study v16 n5 p9-11 Jun-Jul 1987 effects of educational programs. Cites three research methods that, in combination, can compensate for the shortcomings of both conventional research and the computer criticism suggested by Papert. (PS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- What Is the Point of Group Implications of using pupil-to-pupil Discussion in Mathematics? discussion with mathematics Educational Studies in classrooms are discussed, with Mathematics different ways in which such v16 n2 p205-14 May 1985 discussion might promote mathematical understanding. A framework for instruction includes the learning of the computer language Logo. (MNS) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Constructing a Conceptual This study, part of a longitudinal Framework for Elementary investigation, examined the kinds of Algebra through Logo thinking which children aged 10 and Programming. 11 could carry over from Logo instruction to an algebraic context. Educational Studies in Interviews focused on their ability Mathematics to construct meaningful v17 n4 p335-57 Nov 1986 symbolization for the concept of variable and to construct formalized algebraic rules. (MNS) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Linking Logo, Levels and Provided is an analysis of Turtle Language in Mathematics. Geometry using van Hiele levels of development and understanding. The Educational Studies in author also relates a language use Mathematics framework, suggested by the work of v18 n4 p359-70 Nov 1987 Fry (1982), to the language activities of Turtle Geometry. Research supporting the analysis is discussed. (RH) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Solving Structured Geometric Described is a year-long study of Tasks on the Computer: The Role the way a group of six 12-year-old of Feedback in Generating children went about solving a Strategies. special class of geometric problems Educational Studies in using a computer and a limited set Mathematics of LOGO programing tools. Examines v20 n1 p1-39 Feb 1989 solution strategies deciding whether those strategies led to insights about mathematical relations. (Author/MVL) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Fragile Knowledge of Angle in Described is an investigation into Turtle Geometry. how the use of LOGO programing Educational Studies in language affects children's basic Mathematics knowledge of an angle. Findings v21 n4 p375-82 Aug 1990 indicate that children make erroneous adjustments to their conceptual knowledge of angle to accommodate the results of acquired procedural interaction with the computer. (Author/CW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Capturing Congruence with a The LOGO subroutine turtle geometry Turtle. and Euclidean geometry are compared with respect to their treatment of Educational Studies in similarity and difference of plane Mathematics figures. The problem and its v22 n3 p285-95 Jun 1991 proposed solution of introducing a FLIP operation are viewed briefly from the perspectives of mathematics, computer science, and education. (MDH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Pedagogy for Mathematical Described is the attempt to identify Microworlds. relationships between pedagogy and student behavior in a mathematical Educational Studies in microworld. The patterns of teaching Mathematics associated with LOGO-based computer v23 n1 p31-57 Feb 1992 activities involving ratio and proportion and the teachers role in helping students bridge the gap between LOGO- and school-mathematics practices are explored. (MDH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Construction of a Logo Learning environment that Environment Supporting the facilitated the acquisition and Development of Procedural expression of procedural skills in Skills=Elaboration D'Un LOGO was set up for children in the Environnement Logo Favorable Au 10- to 12-year range. Ten Developpement D'Habiletes En participants were placed in a series Manipulation Procedurale. of situations that required them to manipulate programing procedures in Educational Studies in LOGO. Analysis of children's Mathematics behavior revealed their competence v23 n4 p351-82 Aug 1992 in manipulating procedures. Discusses environmental conditions that favor children's expression. (Author/MDH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Children's Inductive Thinking Focuses on the place of discrete during Intrinsic and Euclidean mathematics in the grades 9-12 Geometrical Activities in a mathematics curriculum and discusses Computer Programming how the topic of recursion should be Environment. taught. Presents several examples of recursion involving LOGO, Educational Studies in spreadsheets, sequences, Pascal's Mathematics triangle, and the Tower of Hanoi to v24 n2 p177-97 1993 illustrate its teaching. (MDH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Instructional Conditions for Focuses on description of Computer-Based Problem-Solving instructional-learning conditions Environments. for a LOGO environment hypothesized Educational Technology to be conducive to development of v25 n2 p7-11 Feb 1985 problem-solving skills for both given and new situations based on existing educational research. A LOGO activity for constructing squares and triangles is outlined to illustrate application of the instructional framework. (30 references) (MBR) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Using Microcomputers To Teach Critically evaluates the assumption Problem Solving: A Critical that microcomputer-based instruction Review. can be used to teach generalizable thinking and problem solving skills. Educational Technology Transference of problem solving v28 n7 p27-33 Jul 1988 skills across domains is discussed, and strategies to promote problem solving abilities are examined, including computer assisted instruction and learning programing languages such as Logo. (49 references) (Author/LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Transfer of Learning and Discusses the transfer of Computer Programming. problem-solving skills from computer programing to other areas of Educational Technology learning. Logo programing is v30 n1 p41-44 Jan 1990 discussed, levels of programing ability are described, attributes of microworlds are presented, and implications of the growing use of computers in the classroom for educational planning are suggested. (15 references) (LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- To Teach or Not to Teach Logo: Discusses the use of the LOGO Reflecting on Logo's Use as a programing language as a Problem-Solving Tool. problem-solving tool for elementary school students. Papert's theory is Educational Technology explained; the integration of LOGO v32 n8 p23-27 Aug 1992 into the language arts and math curricula is discussed; LOGO research is reviewed; and recommendations for future work are offered. (18 references) (LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- LOGO -- A Programming Language for Teaching Mathematics Educational Technology 12 3 39-46 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Developing Computer Literacy in A study of the kinds of computer Children: Some Observations and programs children write and the Suggestions types of programming concepts with Educational Technology 17 8 which they have difficulty. (DAG) 5-11 Reprint Available (See p. vii): UMI Flow Charts ----------------------------------------------------------------------- People Shaping Educational Discusses contributions to Computing. educational computing of Seymour Papert, LOGO creator; Irwin Hoffman, Electronic Education first school-based computer v3 n8 p14-16,26-27 May-Jun 1984 education program developer; Dorothy Deringer, National Science Foundation's monitor and supporter of educational computing projects; Sherwin Steffin, educational software company vice-president; and Jessie Muse, National Education Association consultant and program development specialist. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- LOGO: Discovery Learning with Examines origins of the LOGO the Classroom's Newest Pet. computer programing language, describes its capabilities, and Electronic Learning compares available LOGO systems for v2 n6 p49-53 Mar 1983 use on various microcomputers noting producer/distributor, price, hardware, user group, backup, debugging aids, and comments. A resource list of books, articles, newsletters, and research reports is included. (EJS) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Exploring New Horizons with Focuses on the Punahou School in Logo: How One School is Honolulu, Hawaii, which has Charting the Course. Part 2. redesigned its curriculum to integrate LOGO across the entire K-4 Electronic Learning curriculum as a tool for the v2 n7 p71-75 Apr 1983 teaching of other subjects. How practical problems are being overcome is discussed, and some instructional applications are described. (EAO) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Adaptive Devices for Special Reviews several devices designed to Education: How Three make learning easier for the Technological Devices Make handicapped--the Adaptive Firmware Learning Easier for the Card for physically disabled Handicapped. students, the Optacon Print Reading System for blind students, and the Electronic Learning Telecaption Decoder for use on a v3 n5 p44,46 Feb 1984 television set by deaf students. Information provided for each device includes source, price, and compatibility. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Electronic Learning's Provides instructor's guide and In-Service Workshop. Part IV: participant materials for a workshop Programming in LOGO. introducing LOGO. It includes Electronic Learning background information on LOGO, v3 n6 p1f-8f Mar 1984 introduction to graphics and commands, its utilization to teach geometry, defining and editing procedures, subprocedures, differences between linear chaining and block style programing, and using LOGO to print and place letters and words. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Robots in the Classroom. Educational robots are defined, their essential characteristics and Electronic Learning features are outlined, and their v3 n6 p48-53,112 Mar 1984 educational applications and what makes them run are discussed. Classroom experiences with five educational robots--Topo, Rhino XR-2, RB5X, Hero I and Tasman Turtle--are described. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Word Processing in a Logo Discusses the learning philosophy of Environment. LOGO and how it is utilized with a word processing program to help Electronic Learning former drop-outs learn to write. v3 n6 p70 Mar 1984 Some teaching techniques with descriptions of how they can be applied are included. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- New Views on Logo and ^An Logo creator Seymour Papert Interview with Seymour Papert. discusses ways Logo can be improved Electronic Learning to accommodate different learning v5 n7 p33-36,63 Apr 1986 styles and strengthen word processing and list processing capabilities. In an interview, Papert discusses computers' influences on learning, Logo's underlying concepts, teacher use of Logo, Logo's discovery learning approach, and development of Logo teacher training materials. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Still a Storm over Logo Reviews research conducted to Research and Papert's Ideas. determine if learning to program in Electronic Learning Logo has a positive effect on other v7 n5 p14 Feb 1988 aspects of thinking, based on Seymour Papert's findings on Logo. The appropriateness of research on Logo and programming is discussed, and research studies involving elementary and secondary school children are briefly described. (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Effects of Logo and CAI on Uses LOGO and computer assisted Black First Graders' instruction as a means of Achievement, Reflectivity, and determining how successfully Self-Esteem. minority students' learning styles can be matched with computer Elementary School Journal instruction and the nature of v88 n5 p473-87 May 1988 concomitant effects on student achievement, reflectivity, and self-esteem. Suggests that learning style may be mediated through social and cultural contexts. (SKC) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Kindergartners and Computers: A This microethnographic study Case Study of Six Children. describes aspects of the computer curriculum of a class of Elementary School Journal kindergartners in a public v89 n2 p185-201 Nov 1988 elementary school. Descriptions provide a basis for a consideration of the appropriateness of computers in the kindergarten. Complex matches and mismatches between goals and observed activity are discussed. (RH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- LOGO Is for All Children: LOGO, a multipurpose computer Learning with the Turtle. language, can be easily learned by exceptional children. Additional Exceptional Parent benefits include its immediate v14 n4 p15-18 Jun 1984 feedback features, possibilities for improved social status, increased spatial understanding, and motivation for learning. (CL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Mathematics and Programming Considered are concept development Errors in Learning Basic and and errors in using both Logo and Logo. BASIC made by 25 prospective teachers in a computer literacy Focus on Learning Problems in course. Understanding errors that Mathematics students exhibit in programing may v10 n3 p29-42 Sum 1988 affect the ways mathematics teachers understand the process of learning structured content like mathematics. (MNS) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Some Unanswered Research Discusses concerns for mathematics Questions on the Teaching and education research on algebra and Learning of Algebra. requestions methods that focus on For the Learning of Mathematics the Piagetian concept of cognitive v11 n3 p40-46 Nov 1991 obstacles. Suggests the use of computer-based environments to develop the concept of variable and offers research findings indicating that experiences working with variables in LOGO influences student performance on algebra problems. (MDH) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Styles and Voices. Case studies of elementary school and college students are used to For the Learning of Mathematics examine the different styles of v13 n1 p49-52 Feb 1993 approach taken to computer programing. Introduces the term "bricoleur" to describe programers who do not take a structured approach to programing. Discusses gender differences among programers. (MDH) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Popularizing Geometrical The kaleidoscope is presented as a Concepts: The Case of the suitable topic for a preservice Kaleidoscope. mathematics teacher's first contact with a nontrivial mathematical For the Learning of phenomenon. Included are historical Mathematics--An International notes on the kaleidoscope, Journal of Mathematics explanation of the inner mechanisms Education of various kaleidoscope designs, and v10 n3 p42-50 Nov 1990 suggestions for further student investigations. (JJK) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- On Logo Squares, Triangles and Described are four hour-long Houses. sessions of children working with the definition and use of a For the Learning of procedure for triangles in Logo Mathematics--An International programming. The conclusion is that Journal of Mathematics turtle geometry is not a trivial Education activity. (MNS) v5 n2 p38-45 Jun 1985 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Filling Squares: Variations on Four methods of filling a square a Theme. using programing with Logo are For the Learning of presented, with comments on Mathematics--An International children's solutions. Analysis of Journal of Mathematics the mathematical or programing Education concepts underlying a few simple v6 n2 p13-17 Jun 1986 algorithms is the focus. (MNS) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computational Recursion and The relation between mathematical Mathematical Induction. and computational aspects of recursion are discussed and some For the Learning of examples analyzed. Definition, Mathematics--An International proof, and construction are Journal of Mathematics considered, as well as their Education counterparts in computer languages v6 n2 p25-28 Jun 1986 (illustrated with Logo procedures). (MNS) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Tools for Learning--Insights A model for learning mathematics is for the Mathematics Educator proposed which involves the from a Logo Programming components of using, discriminating, Environment. generalizing, and synthesizing. The ways pupils use Logo programs as For the Learning of tools within their projects and how Mathematics--An International the nature of their programming Journal of Mathematics tools become more explicitly Education understood and generalized are v7 n2 p32-37 Jun 1987 discussed. (RH) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Through the Looking Glass: High A pull-out enrichment program Tech and Terrapin. provides gifted elementary students G/C/T with an opportunity to explore, v9 n3 p30-31 May-Jun 1986 research, and create knowledge via a LOGO computer environment. (CL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- An A-Mazing Logo Experiment. Discusses what can be done with a LOGO turtle robot, how it is Hands On] different from doing LOGO with the v6 n2 p12-13 Sum 1983 computer-screen turtle, and the educational value of the device. Sample programs are provided, including one in which the robot turtle can be commanded to react to meeting an obstacle. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- What the Nine-year-olds Did Describes the activities of with Logo. nine-year-old students during a six-week session designed to Hands On] introduce them to computers and to v7 n1 p12-13 Spr 1984 the LOGO programming languages. Sample programs written by the students are included. Indicates that these students needed very little instruction or even assistance. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Explorations in LOGO Mapping Reports efforts to investigate use with Children. of LOGO as mapping aid. While finding LOGO motivational, the History and Social Science authors conclude (1) children did Teacher not transfer skills from computer to v22 n1 p15-18 1986 other situations, (2) younger students appeared to be too young to benefit from the qualities of LOGO, and (3) claims of mental relationship between the graphics cursor and the children's bodies are overstated. (JDH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer Games Teach The difficulty many students have in Problem-Solving. solving complex problems stems not from a lack of mathematical skill Impact of Science on Society but from an inability to visualize v32 n4 p435-47 Oct-Dec 1982 the problem. An appropriately-structured computer game may assist students in achieving this visualization and in solving problems better. A heuristic approach in programing one game is provided. (Author/JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Of Cats and Turtles in An Apple LOGO program is provided Mathland. which results in the creation of a InCider cat's face. Discusses program v1 n6 p138-42 Jun 1983 commands, indicating that, although they are never mentioned, various mathematical/geometrical concepts are involved. Indicates that LOGO provides an environment where one can play comfortably with these basic concepts. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo Talks Back. In addition to turtle graphics, the InCider Logo programing language has list v1 n9 p46-48,50,52 Sep 1983 and text processing capabilities that open up opportunities for word games, language programs, word processing, and other applications. Provided are examples of these applications using both Apple and MIT Logo versions. Includes sample interactive programs. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Where Is Logo Taking Our Kids? Discusses various aspects, features, InfoWorld and uses of the Logo programing v6 n4 p46-47,49-50 Jan 23 1984 language. A comparison (in chart format) of several Logo languages is also included, providing comments on the language as well as producer, current price, number of sprites and turtles, computer needed, and whether debugging aids and list operations are included. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Success of Logo Hinges On Discusses teacher education Teacher Training. activities to help teachers realize the full potential of the Logo InfoWorld programing language as a powerful v6 n4 p50-51 Jan 23 1984 learning tool. Suggests that the language's effectiveness lies primarily in the way in which it is taught. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Review: Atari Logo. Reviews Atari's Logo programing language, indicating that outside of InfoWorld this version's lack of speed and v6 n4 p57,60 Jan 23 1984 certain error-handling problems, it is a solid product, providing all standard Logo commands. In addition, two well-written manuals accompany the language. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- An Example Based Environment Describes a programming environment for Beginning Programmers. called Tinker, in which a beginning Instructional Science programmer presents examples to the v14 n3-4 p277-92 May 1986 machine, distinguishing accidental and essential aspects of the examples. Examples of programming in Tinker are presented in which programmers demonstrate how to handle specific examples and the machine formulates a procedure for handling general cases. (Author/MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Understanding Turn Commands in Examines spatial concepts required Logo: A Cognitive Perspective. by young children for the Instructional Science understanding and manipulation of v16 n4 p337-50 1987 turn commands in Logo, and reviews the literature on children's Logo learning and the psychological-cognitive development of spatial concepts. Geometric concepts, alternative frames of reference, and the use of Turtle graphics are also discussed. (39 references) (Author/LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- LOGO Fever: The Computer "Logo" is a computer programing Language Every School is language created for use with young Catching. children. Information is presented Instructor on a sample Logo session, different v92 n5 p74-76,79 Jan 1983 versions of Logo and its manufacturers, features, and prices, and the present and potential use of Logo in classrooms. (CJ) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Children's Learning of Exploratory study aimed to Geometrical Concepts Through investigate elements of geometrical Logo. concepts that children learn through Logo programing. A test designed to Journal for Research in assess three components of length Mathematics Education and angle was administered to 84 v18 n5 p343-62 Nov 1987 children who had learned Logo for one year and 92 who had not. Data indicated a positive effect of Logo work on some items, but not all. (Author/RH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo Programming and Geometric The LOGO programing of 30 ninth Understanding: An In-Depth graders was analyzed from 3 Study. theoretical perspectives: the van Hiele levels, the Structure of Journal for Research in Observed Learning Outcomes taxonomy, Mathematics Education and Skemp's model of mathematical v22 n2 p90-111 Mar 1991 understanding. Results indicate that success in LOGO programing appears necessary but insufficient for success with the geometric aspects of the analyzed tasks. (JJK) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Towards Achieving an Describes model program at Tuba City Interactive Education Model for Boarding School (AZ) which Special Needs Students: The introduced 30 4th grade Native Computer Writing Project for American students to LOGO computer Native American Students. programing language to promote cognitive development. Reports Journal of American Indian responses from parents, teachers, Education school board, school administration, v27 n1 p30-38 Oct 1987 and pupils. (NEC) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Formative Evaluation of Describes a two-year Canadian Pre-Logo Programming project devoted to the development Environments: A Collaborative and formative evaluation of a Effort of Researchers, Teachers graduated series of four and Children. graphics-based programing Journal of Computer-Based environments for young children, Instruction called pre-Logo Microworlds. Field v15 n4 p112-22 Fall 1988 tests of software and instructional materials are described, and classroom observations and teacher and student interviews are discussed. (24 references) (Author/LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Talking Music Theory with a Presents a hypothetical Computer and a Human Being. instructional dialogue which Journal of Computer-Based illustrates the vocabulary, syntax, Instruction and style of Terrapin Music Logo, v16 n2 p71-79 Spr 1989 and shows how that dialect might be used to explore the concept of repetition in musical form. The educational philosophy of Logo is examined, and computer-aided discovery learning in music theory is illustrated. (eight references) (LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- An Interactive Graphical Describes an interactive computer Modeling Game for Teaching game in which players compose music Musical Concepts. at a computer screen. They experiment with pitch and melodic Journal of Computer-Based shape and the effects of Instruction transposition, augmentation, v9 n2 p59-63 Fall 1982 diminution, retrograde, and inversion. The user interface is simple enough for children to use and powerful enough for composers to work with. (EAO) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Tile Patterns with LOGO--Part Described is a recursive LOGO method II: Tile Patterns from Rep for dissecting polygons into Tiles Using LOGO. congruent parts (rep tiles) similar to the original polygon, thereby Journal of Computers in producing unexpected patterns. A Mathematics and Science list of descriptions for such Teaching dissections is included along with v10 n2 p59-69 Win 1990-91 suggestions for modifications that allow extended student explorations into tile patterns. (JJK) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Using Logo Programming to Teach Described is a research-based Analogical Reasoning in Science instructional technique for teaching and Mathematics Education. analogical reasoning by the use of guided LOGO programing activities. Journal of Computers in An example worksheet is provided Mathematics and Science illustrating the use of the Teaching Sternberg's four-step analogical v10 n3 p29-36 Spr 1991 reasoning technique (encode, infer, map, and apply) with LOGO programs. (Author/MDH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Introducing the Equiangular Describes the method for producing Spiral by Using Logo to Model the equiangular spiral, the Nature. geometric curve generated by Journal of Computers in modeling an insect's orientation Mathematics and Science process to an illumination source, Teaching utilizing a LOGO Turtle program v11 n2 p155-62 1992 which is included. (JJK) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Bibliography: Computers in Provides an annotated bibliography Elementary Education. of 25 citations focusing on topics for teachers using computers in the Journal of Computers in elementary classroom and for Mathematics and Science researchers gathering background Teaching material for articles, grant v2 n2 p44-45 Win 1982 proposals, and presentations. Topics include computer literacy, use of computers, turtle graphics (LOGO), research studies on computers, position papers, and others. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo and Trapped Intelligence The exciting potential of Logo to free trapped intelligence in Journal of Computers in handicapped learners has been the Mathematics and Science subject of several years of research Teaching by the MIT Logo group. Uses of Logo v3 n2 p42-44 Win 1983-84 with an autistic child and with a cerebral palsied child are discussed. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Conference Abstracts: The Third Presented are seven abstracts of Annual Microcomputer papers presented at a microcomputer Conference. conference. Areas considered include: development of "Rocky's Journal of Computers in Boots," a logic simulation game; Mathematics and Science using computers for practice and Teaching problem solving; experiences using v3 n3 p40-42 Spr 1984 LOGO; a computer science curriculum; microcomputers in the science laboratory; computer literacy; and a high school computer network. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with LOGO: Primary Discusses the nature and uses of Children and Powerful Ideas. LOGO programing language with Journal of Computers in primary children. Sample program Mathematics and Science listings and the results obtained by Teaching primary children are included. (JN) v3 n3 p45-48 Spr 1984 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with LOGO: Learning Presents three activities in which about Star Polygons with LOGO. students learn about and construct Journal of Computers in star polygons using the LOGO Mathematics and Science programing lanaguage. A list of Teaching suggested extension activities is v3 n4 p49-53 Sum 1984 included. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Bibliography: LOGO. Presented is an annotated list of 24 references on the LOGO programing Journal of Computers in language. The information provided Mathematics and Science is intended for classroom teachers Teaching and for researchers. Topics include v3 n4 p54-55 Sum 1984 use of the language in classroom situations, evaluation of a LOGO training program, the educational utility of LOGO, and others. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- What Is So Special about the Presents background information and Square Root of 17? the listing for a LOGO computer program which investigates an Journal of Computers in ancient mathematical riddle (related Mathematics and Science to the square root of seventeen). Teaching The simulation, written for Apple II v4 n1 p20-21 Fall 1984 microcomputers, can be easily adapted to other microcomputers. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with LOGO: Abstracts Presents abstracts of three papers from the LOGO '84 Conference. given at the first national LOGO conference. They are: "LOGO as an Journal of Computers in Empirical Window" (Sylvia Weir); Mathematics and Science "Quasi-Piagetian Learning in LOGO" Teaching (Uri Leron); and "Theories of LOGO" v4 n1 p52-53 Fall 1984 (Guy Groen). (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Conference Abstracts: AEDS '84. The Association of Educational Data Journal of Computers in Systems (AEDS) conference included Mathematics and Science 102 presentations. Abstracts of Teaching seven of these presentations are v4 n2 p57-59 Win 1984-85 provided. Topic areas considered include LOGO, teaching probability through a computer game, writing effective computer assisted instructional materials, computer literacy, research on instructional microcomputing, high school computer science, and summer computer camps. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with LOGO: Iteration Iteration is the process of doing in LOGO. something repeatedly in a computer Journal of Computers in program. In LOGO, the most Mathematics and Science elementary form of iteration is Teaching provided by the REPEAT command. This v4 n3 p55-57 Spr 1985 paper explores how programers can use LOGO's extensibility to create more powerful iterative forms than those offered by the REPEAT command. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with LOGO: Logo Tools LOGO tools are procedures which for Math and Science. accomplish specific tasks. They can be furnished to students, along with Journal of Computers in suggestions for exploratory Mathematics and Science activities, or students can develop Teaching v5 n1 p68-70 Fall 1985 them. Several of these tools (program listings) with sample output are presented. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Impact of Computers on Measured girls' (N=43) attitudes Mathematics Abilities and toward mathematics and general Attitudes: A Pilot Study Using ability before and after a Logo Logo. learning experience. Results suggest that the Logo experience had a Journal of Computers in positive effect on general ability Mathematics and Science and on expressed interest in Teaching learning about mathematics. (JN) v5 n2 p32-33 Win 1985-86 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with LOGO: Sum Tools Describes various solutions to for Sequences. sequence problems using Logo Journal of Computers in programing language. Complete Mathematics and Science program listings are included when Teaching applicable. (JN) v5 n2 p65-69 Win 1985-86 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Conference Abstracts: Fourth Presented are abstracts from volume Annual World Conference on two of the World Conference on Computers in Education-Part II. Computers in Education, 1985. Four topics are: (1) cognitive and visual Journal of Computers in style; (2) computer graphics and Mathematics and Science descriptive geometry; (3) LOGO and Teaching educational research; and (4) v5 n3 p60-61 Spr 1986 algorithms, programing, and computer literacy. (JM) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with LOGO: Logo and This is the first of a two-part Vectors. series on the general concept of vector space. Provides tool Journal of Computers in procedures to allow investigation of Mathematics and Science vector properties, vector addition Teaching and subtraction, and X and Y v5 n3 p62-66 Spr 1986 components. Lists several sources of additional vector ideas. (JM) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- An Investigative Study of Reports on a study that was designed Possible Effects of Programming to investigate possible effects of Instruction on Math Anxiety and inservice instruction (BASIC and Teacher Attitudes toward CAI. LOGO/PILOT) on teachers' mathematical anxiety. Results Journal of Computers in indicated that teachers enrolled in Mathematics and Science BASIC programing courses manifested Teaching more mathematics anxiety after the v5 n4 p40-43,45 Sum 1986 course than those who were enrolled in a LOGO/PILOT course. (ML) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- MATRIX.TURTLE--Linear Algebra Points out the benefits of students in the Logo Environment. using LOGO with problems dealing Journal of Computers in with vectors and matrices. Provides Mathematics and Science examples of performing linear Teaching algebraic computations in LOGO. (ML) v5 n4 p44-45 Sum 1986 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Working with Logo: Do 5th and Reports on a study designed to 6th Graders Develop a Basic further investigate whether Understanding of Angles and structured Logo learning experiences Distances? would have a positive influence on student understanding of selected Journal of Computers in basic geometry concepts. Results Mathematics and Science indicated more than just one year of Teaching Logo instruction would be needed to v6 n2 p23-27 Win 1986-87 improve students understanding of simple angle and distance concepts. (TW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Fractions, Lists and Vectors. Provides several examples of the use of Logo in working with fractions Journal of Computers in and manipulating vectors. Includes Mathematics and Science an exercise which deals with the Teaching relationship between the two and v6 n2 p60-63 Win 1986-87 several exercises which address various problems using different kinds of fractions. (TW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Primary Math with Turtle Describes how Logo has been used to Graphics. introduce primary children to Journal of Computers in mathematical concepts often Mathematics and Science considered to be too difficult for Teaching them. Outlines how Logo has been v6 n3 p16-19 Spr 1987 used to introduce the estimation of distance, the estimation of angles, symmetry, rules of precedence, the concepts of random, and the use of variables. (TW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with LOGO: Matrix Discusses several ways in which the Manipulations, Part I. Logo programming language can be Journal of Computers in used to experiment with and learn Mathematics and Science about matrices. Describes procedures Teaching for developing a Logo tool to v6 n3 p67-70 Spr 1987 establish a matrix representation, as well as others for adding, subtracting, and transposing. (TW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Viewpoints: Arguments for a Presented are a discussion of the Logo--Pascal Computer strengths and weaknesses of teaching Curriculum. programming with several programming languages. Suggestions for language Journal of Computers in selection are included. Arguments Mathematics and Science for a Logo-Pascal computer Teaching curriculum are indicated. (RH) v6 n4 p3-6 Sum 1987 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Matrix Manipulations, Part II. Described are procedures for Journal of Computers in multiplying matrices using Logo. Mathematics and Science Examples of computer programming are Teaching included. (RH) v6 n4 p62-65 Sum 1987 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Turtle Draws an Ellipse. Proposes to modify the procedure proposed by Abelson and diSessa to Journal of Computers in produce a polygonal path with Mathematics and Science vertices that lie exactly on an Teaching ellipse. Provides a detailed proof. v7 n1-2 p50-54,79 Fall-Win Implements a limiting process to 1987-88 produce the best possible approximation to any ellipse for any given screen resolution. (CW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with Logo: Probability Illustrates the exploration of with a Turtle. random and chance events with a microcomputer. Demonstrates this Journal of Computers in principle using turtle graphics, Mathematics and Science coin flips, and die rolls in a Teaching student exercise involving distance v7 n1-2 p72-73 Fall-Win 1987-88 and direction on a number line. Includes the necessary LOGO programming statements to use this method. (CW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- How to Explain a Cycloid to a Discusses various representations of Turtle. a curve and the relationships between them. Describes mathematical Journal of Computers in exercises which use Logo to derive a Mathematics and Science turtle procedure for graphically Teaching representing a cycloid. Provides a v7 n3 p55-58 Spr 1988 proof of the trigonometric series formula to show equality. (RT) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Conference Abstracts. European Provides abstracts of selected Conference on Education and mathematics and science papers Info. Tech. presented during the conference. Topics included: (1) problem solving Journal of Computers in using the computer; (2) controlling Mathematics and Science the environment through Logo; (3) Teaching software and technology in the v7 n3 p67-69 Spr 1988 science curriculum; (4) learning multiplication facts using multiple strategies; and (5) limitations and potential of mathematics software. (RT) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with Logo. Spinning, Discusses the use of Logo tools, Rolling, and Flipping: More on spinners, dice, and coins for Probability. creating and understanding probability. Gives procedures for Journal of Computers in devising a spinner board and other Mathematics and Science necessary functions for performing Teaching the activity. Presents ideas for v7 n3 p73-76 Spr 1988 extending the experiment. (RT) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Investigating AI with Basic and Discusses artificial intelligence, Logo. Teaching Your Computer to its definitions, and potential Be Intelligent. applications. Provides listings of Logo and BASIC versions for programs Journal of Computers in along with REM statements needed to Mathematics and Science make modifications for use with Teaching Apple computers. (RT) UMI v7 n3 p79-81 Spr 1988 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Bottom-up Approach to Physics Develops a LOGO approach for with Logo. explaining physics concepts using Journal of Computers in the microcomputer. Explains the Mathematics and Science usefulness of LOGO for programing Teaching physics problems. Lists several LOGO v7 n4 p30-35 Sum 1988 programs with programing explanations to explain physics concepts. (MVL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 'The Monkey and the Hunter' and Presents the LOGO computer language Other Projectile Motion as a source to experience and Experiments with Logo. investigate scientific laws. Discusses aspects and uses of LOGO. Journal of Computers in Lists two LOGO programs, one to Mathematics and Science simulate a gravitational field and Teaching the other projectile motion. (MVL) v7 n4 p49-51 Sum 1988 UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Procedural and Logic Examines the similarities and Programming: A Comparison. fundamental differences between procedural programing and logic Journal of Computers in programing by comparing LogoWriter Mathematics and Science and PROLOG. Suggests that PROLOG may Teaching be a good first programing language v7 n4 p52-55 Sum 1988 for students to learn. (MVL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with Logo: The Affine Explores the production of shadows Turtle: A Turtle that Can Draw for drawings using the LOGO computer Shadows. language and Affine Geometry. Journal of Computers in Explains the methodology of the Mathematics and Science shadowing and lists the Affine Teaching Turtle procedures. Provides for v7 n4 p70-73 Sum 1988 different versions of LOGO. (MVL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Investigating AI with BASIC and Investigates using the microcomputer Logo: Helping the Computer to to develop a sentence parser to Understand INPUTS. simulate intelligent conversation used in artificial intelligence Journal of Computers in applications. Compares the ability Mathematics and Science of LOGO and BASIC for this use. Teaching Lists and critiques several LOGO and v7 n4 p76-80 Sum 1988 BASIC parser programs. (MVL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo Learning Tools and Motion Considers activities that use LOGO Geometry. to slide, turn, and flip the "turtle." Uses non-LOGO tools such Journal of Computers in as cutouts, pattern blocks, and Mathematics and Science tangrams to enhance the motion work. Teaching Provides examples and programs with v8 n1 p17-24 Fall 1988 explanations. (MVL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Conference Abstracts: National Presents abstracts from the National Educational Computing Educational Computing Conference Conference '88. held in Dallas, Texas on June 15-17, 1988. Selected topics include: a Journal of Computers in physical science interactive Mathematics and Science videodisc project, impact of Teaching calculators and computers in v8 n1 p87-89 Fall 1988 secondary math, relationships between graphing and functions, effectiveness of computer use, training science teachers, and learning concepts using LOGO. (MVL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with Logo: The Chaotic Discusses chaotic behavior Turtle, Part I. (movement) in a nonlinear system using LOGO programs. Presents Journal of Computers in several examples with program Mathematics and Science listings. (MVL) UMI Teaching v8 n1 p94-98 Fall 1988 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo and Angle Estimation Described is a study in which Skills. seventh graders used LOGO in place of receiving geometry instruction. Journal of Computers in It was hypothesized that angle Mathematics and Science recognition estimation and Teaching construction would be higher for the v8 n2 p22-28 Win 1988-89 LOGO group. Reports that a difference was found favoring the LOGO group. Provides a short history of the LOGO language. (MVL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with LOGO: The Chaotic Offers several LOGO programs to Turtle, Part II. study the behavior of simple Journal of Computers in nonlinear systems. Suggests that Mathematics and Science LOGO is an excellent tool for Teaching studying chaotic systems. Offers v8 n2 p88-90 Win 1988-89 suggestions for different forms of LOGO. Builds upon programs presented in a previous article. (MVL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with Logo: Solving Uses a LOGO program and probability Linear Equations with to solve systems of equations. Probability and Logo. Provides a physical model and a LOGO Journal of Computers in model. Lists programs and explains Mathematics and Science the methodology used. (MVL) UMI Teaching v8 n3 p77-80 Spr 1989 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Investigating AI with BASIC and Compares BASIC and LOGO systems in LOGO: Helping the Computer to developing artificial intelligence Produce Conversation. systems. Provides listings of programs used for translating and Journal of Computers in sentence making. Describes Mathematics and Science methodology and compares the BASIC Teaching and LOGO programs. (MVL) UMI v8 n3 p85-89 Spr 1989 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Zooming Out: A Novel Use of the This article describes how the Computer in Geometry. method of reducing the scale of a graph can be used to illustrate many Journal of Computers in theorems in geometry concerning Mathematics and Science angle size. Four examples are Teaching presented. A computer program is v9 n1 p29-36 Fall 1989 provided to illustrate how such rescaling of figures can be implemented in LOGO. (Author/YP) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Graphing Program Using Logo. Describes a function graphing Journal of Computers in program's 15 Logo procedures and how Mathematics and Science they are used in the classroom to Teaching study the properties of functions v9 n2 p85-91 Win 1989-90 and to develop visual imagery of function behavior. Presents several Logo programs. (Author/YP) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Effects of Logo and Compared the effects of LOGO Computer-Aided Instruction on Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI), Arithmetical Ability among 7- and a standard curriculum without and 8- Year-Old Zimbabwean computer exposure among grade three Children. Zimbabwean children. No significant differences were found between the Journal of Computing in groups exposed to LOGO and to CAI, Childhood Education but both achieved significantly v3 n1 p85-91 1992 greater gains that the groups without computer exposure. Results suggest that both forms of computer exposure facilitate arithmetical skills. (GLR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Declarative Thinking and the Investigated the use of spatial Investigation of Spatial relationships in the PROLOG Relationships in a Block programing language to help students Microworld. express declarative thinking. Declarative thinking is a process of Journal of Computing in describing the environment that Childhood Education involves the recognition of v3 n2 p181-92 1992 relationships between entities. (BC) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Children and Computers Abstracts of reports of eight Abstracts. research studies on computer uses in children's education are presented. Journal of Computing in Topics covered include (1) LOGO Childhood Education computer language; (2) computer v3 n3-4 p357-60 1992 graphics for art instruction; (3) animation; (4) problem solving; (5) children's use of symbols; (6) an evaluation of a Chapter 1 program involving children's computer use; (7) peer interactions; and (8) early reading instruction. (LB) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Spatial Strategy Use during Tested the Watson and Busch model of Logo Mastery: The Impact of how children learn LOGO programing. Cognitive Style and Development Investigated second- and fifth-grade Level. students' stage of cognitive development, stylistic preferences, Journal of Computing in and strategy usage. Childhood Education Field-independent children showed a v4 n1 p77-96 1993 marginal advantage over field-dependent children in learning to program in LOGO. (MM) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Mediational Elements in Examined the effects of instruction Computer Programming in bridging and problem-solving Instruction: An Exploratory strategy, 2 specific components of Study. mediational instruction, on behaviors of 10- and 11-year-old Journal of Computing in children during LOGO programing Childhood Education tasks. Describes two case studies v4 n2 p137-52 1993 demonstrating typical differences between children's performances under the different learning conditions. Supports the continued use of mediational instruction in computer-based instruction. (MM) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Impact of Cognitive Styles Sixteen at-risk minority children in on the Problem Solving a preschool program were tested to Strategies Used by Preschool assess their performance in Minority Children in Logo programming with LOGO Plus software. Microworlds. When programming concepts and the Journal of Computing in command structure were presented at Childhood Education developmentally appropriate levels, v4 n3-4 p205-17 1993 the subjects performed as well as other samples of preschoolers. The minority children did not exhibit any unique cognitive style. (MDM) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Research on Logo: Effects and Reviews research involving the LOGO Efficacy. computer programming language and Journal of Computing in its effect on children's achievement Childhood Education in mathematics, language arts, and v4 n3-4 p263-90 1993 problem solving, as well as social-emotional development. Identifies some of the unique characteristics of LOGO that may contribute to student learning. (MDM) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning Logo: The Social Discusses Seymour Papert's ideas on Context of Cognition. learning LOGO, a computer programing language which creates a context for Journal of Curriculum Studies learning. Claims that LOGO has been v20 n1 p57-70 Jan-Feb 1988 unfairly judged and that criticisms are rooted in misunderstanding. Argues that curriculum research in LOGO should use a multidisciplinary, multimethod approach. Concludes that the true potential of LOGO has yet to be realized. (GEA) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Relationship between This study explored relationships Students' among elementary students' cognitive Information-Processing Styles styles, Logo programing, academic and Logo Programming. achievement, and cognitive Journal of Educational abilities. It was found that Computing Research top-down processing as measured by a v1 n4 p427-33 1985 writing activity is positively related to Logo programing success, field independence, holistic tendencies, and general academic achievement. LOGO success and academic achievement are positively correlated. (Author/MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Role of Gender in Computer Two studies investigated gender Programming Learning Processes. differences in planning and Journal of Educational debugging behavior, group processes, Computing Research and achievement among junior high v1 n4 p441-58 1985 school students learning either Logo or BASIC computer programing in small groups or as individuals. Results indicate no differences in behavior and achievemenet of males and females. (Author/MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Conditions of Learning in Examines reasons why some elementary Novice Programmers. and secondary students learn Journal of Educational programming in BASIC and LOGO much Computing Research better than others suggesting this v2 n1 p37-55 1986 happens because students bring different learning patterns to the programming context. Pitfalls novices face in learning programming are discussed, and instructional design suggestions to foster better learning practices are presented. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Concept Learning in Preschool This study compared the ability of Children: Effects of a kindergarten children to solve Short-Term LOGO Experience. rule-learning problems following five weeks of single-keystroke LOGO Journal of Educational experience with that of children not Computing Research exposed to LOGO. Children receiving v2 n2 p199-205 1986 LOGO instruction had a significantly higher proportion of correct responses on two problem-solving tasks than children in the control group. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Effects of Mediated The effects of mediated Logo Programming Instruction on programing instruction on Preschool Children's preschoolers' comprehension Self-Monitoring. monitoring performances were compared with a control group which Journal of Educational received computer instruction via Computing Research games designed to foster academic v2 n3 p283-97 1986 skills. Changes in self-monitoring were measured on verbal and nonverbal monitoring indexes during a referential communication task given before and after training. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Microcomputer-Based Instruction This study examined the in Special Education. instructional effectiveness of three software learning Journal of Educational environments--LOGO, drill and Computing Research practice, and teacher-directed v2 n3 p337-55 1986 activities--for preschool special needs children. Cognitive distancing was applied to classify children and child-software interactions; dependent measures included indicators of problem solving, skill acquisition, and language, cognitive, and affective development. (Author/MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Analogical Reasoning and A study of correlations between Computer Programming. analogical reasoning and Logo programming mastery among female Journal of Educational high school students related the Computing Research results of pretests of analogical v2 n4 p473-86 1986 reasoning to posttests of programming mastery. A significant correlation was found between analogical reasoning and the ability to write subprocedures for use in several different programs. (MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Longitudinal Study of the This study investigated the delayed Effects of LOGO Programming on effects of LOGO programing on the Cognitive Abilities and cognitive abilities and achievement Achievement. of children in the primary grades. Journal of Educational Results of tests administered 18 months after first graders Computing Research participated in either LOGO computer v3 n1 p73-94 1987 programing or computer-assisted instruction treatments and interviews five months after testing are reported and analyzed. (Author/LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Transfer of Cognitive Skills Discusses the impact of computer from Programming: When and How? programing instruction on cognitive skills and suggests two mechanisms Journal of Educational of transfer--low road, from Computing Research practice, and high road, from v3 n2 p149-69 1987 generalization. Previous research that tried to measure transfer from programing is reviewed, six categories in which transfer might occur are presented, and 71 references are provided. (Author/LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Effects of "Instant" Logo Describes study that investigated Computing Language on the whether the use of LOGO accelerates Cognitive Development of Very cognitive development of five- and Young Children. seven-year-old kindergarten students as measured by Piagetian-based tests Journal of Educational of conservation of length, number, Computing Research and ability to identify geometric v3 n2 p249-60 1987 shapes. Pretests and posttests are described and directions for future research are given. (Author/LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Problem Solving, Metacognition An experimental study compared the and Composition: The Effects of instructional effectiveness of Logo Interactive Software for programming, commercially available First-Grade Children. software designed to aid composition Journal of Educational and problem solving, and traditional Computing Research teaching methods for low v3 n4 p409-27 1987 socioeconomic status first-grade students. Both software environments enhanced problem solving performance for a novel task, but Logo was most facilitative for "learning to learn." (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Cognitive Effects of a Describes study that investigated Logo-Enriched Mathematics the effect of learning Logo on Program for Middle School middle school students' Students. understanding of specific Journal of Educational mathematical concepts and on their Computing Research level of cognitive development. v4 n4 p443-52 1988 Treatments for the experimental and control groups are outlined, hypotheses tested are explained, and pretests and posttests are described. (22 references) (Author/LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Verbal Interaction and Describes study that was designed to Problem-Solving within explore the verbal interaction and Computer-Assisted Cooperative problem solving behaviors occurring Learning Groups. within small learning groups of fourth graders working cooperatively Journal of Educational on a computer-assisted problem Computing Research solving task. Ability groupings are v5 n1 p15 1989 described and factors relating to the successful completion of the task are discussed. (28 references) (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer Experience, Discussion of achievement motivation Self-Concept and and children's ideas about Problem-Solving: The Effects of themselves as learners focuses on a LOGO on Children's Ideas of study of third graders that examined Themselves as Learners. the effects of LOGO programing on performance. Incremental and entity Journal of Educational theories of intelligence are Computing Research explained, and treatment of the v5 n2 p199-212 1989 experimental group and the control group are described. (26 references) (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Effects of Logo Instruction on Describes study that was conducted Cognitive Style. with fifth graders to investigate Journal of Educational the effects of Logo instruction on Computing Research three measures of cognitive style: v6 n2 p231-42 1990 divergent thinking, field dependence/independence, and impulsivity/reflectivity. Treatments of the experimental and control groups are explained, and results of pretests and posttests are analyzed. (11 references) (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Effects of Guided Programming Describes a study conducted at Iowa Instruction on the Transfer of State University that investigated Analogical Reasoning. the effects of using guided Journal of Educational programing instruction to train Computing Research analogical reasoning. Two groups of v7 n3 p293-308 1991 students are compared who received different types of programing instruction, and the far transfer and the near transfer of instruction are explored. (35 references) (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Problem Solving, Instructional Describes a study conducted in a Methods and Logo Programming. Hong Kong primary school that Journal of Educational compared the effects of learning Computing Research LOGO programing with a process-oriented approach and a v7 n4 p455-67 1991 content-oriented approach to problem-solving skills. Transfer of training to nonprograming problem solving is discussed, and ----------------------------------------------------------------------- instruments used to assess students are explained. (33 references) (LRW) The Influence of Student Describes a study that was conducted Computer-Ownership and In-Home to investigate the influence of home Use on Achievement in an computer ownership and use on the Elementary School Computer achievement of second- and Programming Curriculum. fifth-grade students in a programing curriculum. The use of LOGO and Journal of Educational BASIC programing curricula is Computing Research discussed, and results are compared v8 n4 p407-21 1992 to those from an earlier study. (20 references) (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Cognitive Style and the Describes a study that examined Selection of Logo problem-solving strategies selected Problem-Solving Strategies by by African-American preschool Young Black Children. students with differing cognitive styles using LOGO computer software. Journal of Educational Highlights include spatial Computing Research development, minority performance v9 n3 p339-54 1993 and cross-cultural differences in cognitive style, and differences in field-dependent/field-independent children in learning programing skills. (Contains 44 references.) (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Effects of Computer Programming This study assessed the effects of on Young Children's Cognition. learning computer programing on Journal of Educational children's cognitive style, Psychology metacognitive ability, cognitive v76 n6 p1051-58 Dec 1984 development, and ability to describe directions. Eighteen children (age six) received one of two 12-week treatments: LOGO computer programing or computer-assisted instruction. Results indicated programing may influence reflectivity, divergent thinking, meta-cognitive ability and ability to describe directions. (Author/BS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Microcomputer Learning in Small This study investigated the Groups: Cognitive Requirements cognitive abilities, cognitive and Group Processes. styles, and student demographic Journal of Educational characteristics that predicted Psychology learning of computer programing in v76 n6 p1076-88 Dec 1984 small groups; the group process variables that predicted learning of computer programing; and the student characteristics that related to group processes. Different profiles of abilities predicted different programing outcomes. (Author/DWH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Effects of Logo and CAI This study assessed the effects of Environments on Cognition and learning logo computer programing Creativity. and computer-assisted instruction (CAI) on specific cognitive skills, Journal of Educational metacognitive skills, creativity, Psychology and achievement. The programing v78 n4 p309-18 Aug 1986 group scored significantly higher on measures of operational competence, two of three measures of metacognitive skills, and a measure of creativity and on describing directions. (Author/LMO) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Language of Learning and The first study investigates the Language of Computing: The validity of the Preschool Language Perceptual-Language Model. Assessment Instrument as a diagnostic tool for differenciating Journal of Educational the ability of language impaired Psychology preschoolers to use language to v79 n1 p41-48 Mar 1987 communicate complex ideas. The second study evaluates the relative effectiveness of two software environments that were expected to enhance children's acquisition of complex cognitive to linguistic mappings. (JAZ) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Children's Naive Conceptions This article examines naive and Confusions About Logo conceptions of spatial reference Graphics Commands. that children bring to Logo programing language learning. Journal of Educational Students from Grades 4, 5, 6, and 8 Psychology were introduced to six Logo v79 n3 p254-68 Sep 1987 commands, and then were tested on predicting the output for instances of each of the commands. (Author/LMO) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Chain of Cognitive Changes This paper investigated three kinds with Learning to Program in of changes that could occur when a Logo. child learns to program in Logo. Journal of Educational Novice programmers from fourth grade Psychology classes were given three sessions of v79 n3 p269-79 Sep 1987 Logo instruction. Results provided some preliminary evidence that productive learning of a programming language involves a chain of cognitive changes. (Author/LMO) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Metacomponential Development in Effects of a theoretically based a Logo Programming Environment. LOGO programing environment on Journal of Educational executive metacognitive abilities Psychology were studied for 48 third graders v82 n1 p141-49 Mar 1990 who took pretests and posttests after LOGO training or no training. The LOGO group scored higher than comparisons on two metacomponential measures: correctness of response and use of an individual metacomponent. (SLD) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Relationships among Cognitive A model of relationships among the Components in Logo Learning and cognitive components of working Transfer. memory, representation, metacognition, and performance Journal of Educational implicated in the acquisition and Psychology transfer of the LOGO computer v85 n2 p317-30 Jun 1993 language was developed and tested with 48 second graders. The respective contributions of each component vary with the transfer task. (SLD) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Locus of Control among Describes a study in which 46 high Computer-Using School Children: socioeconomic status elementary and A Report of a Pilot Study. secondary children were exposed to Logo and Bank Street Writer at a Journal of Educational computer camp. After exposure, Technology Systems children 12 and under minimally v14 n2 p101-18 1985-86 shifted toward an internal locus of control as measured by the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. (Author/MBR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Using Prosthetic Motivational Describes study that was conducted Statements to Facilitate to determine whether verbal Attitudes and Computer Usage of motivational statements presented Beginning LOGO Teachers. systematically during a LOGO training session for elementary Journal of Educational teachers would influence their Technology Systems short- and long-term attitudes v18 n3 p245-50 1989-90 toward LOGO and subsequent LOGO usage. Treatments for the experimental and control groups are explained, and further research needs are suggested. (12 references) (LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- LD Students Tackle the LOGO Learning disabled students were Language: Strategies and taught to use the LOGO computer Implications. graphics language in an integrated fourth- and fifth-grade setting. Journal of Learning Disabilities Instructional strategies (such as v17 n5 p303-04 May 1984 providing many reviews) along with the intrinsically motivating nature of LOGO were thought to be responsible for the success. (CL) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning Disabled Students and LOGO, a graphics language that helps LOGO. the student participate in a consistent, self-correcting learning Journal of Learning environment, can help children with Disabilities learning disabilities think about v17 n8 p500-01 Oct 1984 thinking. (CL) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Children as Software Designers: This paper describes a 4-month-long A Constructionist Approach for experiment in computer-based Learning Mathematics. learning called Instructional Software Design and presents aspects Journal of Mathematical of the software evaluation. Results Behavior included greater mastery of LOGO and v9 n1 p3-93 Apr 1990 fractions by the experimental class than for either control class and greater acquisition of metacognitive skills. (Author/CW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- "It's Tough When You Have to Reported are the activities and Make the Triangles Angle": findings of a geometry study Insights from a Computer-Based administered in a sixth grade class Geometry Environment. using a LOGO-based computer Journal of Mathematical environment primarily involving Behavior properties of isosceles triangles. A v9 n2 p99-127 Oct 1990 majority of the students progressed from an unfamiliarity with geometric notions to a successful working relationship even with complex geometric configurations. (JJK) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Children Learning Logo: A Twenty-three children in each of 2 Collaborative, Qualitative first-grade classrooms were observed Study in First Grade. as they worked in pairs with the Journal of Research in computer language Logo in a Childhood Education learning-by-discovery context. v3 n1 p55-75 Spr-Sum 1988 Describes children's behaviors related to planning, correction of errors, reflection, causality, and procedure-writing. (RJC) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Taxonomy of Topics in Presents results of a citation Computer Applications to analysis of works involving computer Education Based upon Frequently applications to education and Cited Books, Articles and discusses changing characteristics Reports. of the literature over time. Fifty-six frequently cited works are Journal of Research in grouped into a taxonomy of 14 topics Computing in Education under four majors themes: v20 n2 p165-87 Win 1987 implementation; research, development, and evaluation; learning and human cognition; and values and opinions. (110 references) (LRW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer Education in Secondary Reports the history, instruction, Schools in The People's teacher training, and evaluation of Republic of China. a computer-programing course in China. Suggests some questions and Journal of Research in Science problems relating to the course. Teaching (YP) UMI v25 n6 p493-500 Sep 1988 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Field Differentiation and LOGO Examines the relationship of field Performance among Zimbabwean differences to LOGO performance Schoolgirls. among Black and White Zimbabwean schoolgirls. Finds field Journal of Social Psychology independence and performance were v130 n2 p277-79 Apr 1990 related among both groups and remained significant when the intelligence variant was eliminated. Suggests field differentiation is an important concomitant of LOGO competence and simply not because of intelligence. (NL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer-Based Exploratory A rationale for exploratory learning Learning Systems for via computers is presented, Communication-Handicapped emphasizing the need for modeling Children. normal communication development in Journal of Special Education children with communication v15 n3 p325-32 Fall 1981 handicaps, including deafness, cerebral palsy, and autism. (Author/CL) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Spreading the Word (Logo) The advantages of LOGO, a computer Fearlessly. language, in the education of Journal of Special Education severely handicapped students are Technology seen to include ease of programing v5 n4 p61-64 Fall 1982 and widespread use. Videotapes have been developed to help teachers use the approach. (CL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo: A Learning Environment Activities using Logo, a programing for the Severely Handicapped. language, have been successful in helping severely physically disabled Journal of Special Education Technology (Proceedings and students as well as autistic Papers, Fifth Annual Symposium, children express themselves. (CL) Student-Use Media for Severely Reprint: UMI Handicapped Learners: The Future Is Now) v5 n1 p20-22 Win 1982 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Teachers and Computers: Staff developers training teachers Reflections on Learning. to use computers should design Journal of Staff Development learning experiences that encourage v4 n2 p101-07 Nov 1983 teachers to reflect on the learning process itself. These reflections will help them understand how their students learn new material and solve problems. LOGO is a particularly appropriate tool for this purpose. (PP) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo and Extended Definition. Describes use of the programing Journal of Teaching Writing language "Logo" and the Apple II v5 n1 p43-50 Spr 1986 computer to teach high school students how to write extended definitions. By defining procedures in Logo for drawing simple geometric patterns, students learn that good definition requires precision, rewriting and, in complex tasks, recursion, an aspect of extended definition distinguishing it from brief definition. (JG) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Research Currents: The Reports preliminary findings from a Interactional Richness of study of kindergartners using LOGO Children's Computer Use. in a computer laboratory. The study highlights the oral language that Language Arts occurs while children produce v62 n5 p526-32 Sep 1985 computer graphics. (HTH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Online: Logo and the Language Discusses the rich potential of Logo Arts. (a computer programing system for children) and particularly Language Arts LogoWriter (its word processor) as v65 n6 p598-605 Oct 1988 learning tools in the language arts. Cautions against their use as rote exercises. (SR) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Cooperative Learning with Nine articles discuss research on Computers. cooperative learning with computers and how student interactions at the Learning and Instruction computer facilitate learning. v2 n3 p155-285 Sep 1992 Current research on cooperative learning methods and computer-assisted learning; and microcomputer-based group problem solving, social-cognitive behaviors, higher order thinking, interdependence, autonomy, creativity, and peer-based interaction in educational computer environments are reviewed. (SLD) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Reconstructing the Curriculum Explores the use of computers in for Design: Music, Mathematics, design-oriented learning and the and Psychology. need to reconstruct curriculum to accommodate the new technology. Machine-Mediated Learning Mathematics, psychology, and music v2 n1-2 p83-109 1987 are highlighted, a musical computer design environment called Streamer is described, and implications of a design-oriented computer environment for programming and the structure of classrooms are discussed. (Author/LRW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Square Share: Problem Solving Presents a collection of problems with Squares. focusing on: (1) squares in arithmetic and number theory; (2) Mathematics Teacher squares in geometry; (3) topics v77 n6 p414-20 Sep 1984 blending arithmetic and geometric aspects of squares; and (4) squares and Logo. A sample student worksheet (with answers) is included. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Activities: Investigating Activities focus on the use of Shapes, Formulas, and computers as an instructional tool. Properties with Logo. Three worksheets provide experiences with: perimeter and areas of Mathematics Teacher squares; area of parallelograms and v78 n5 p355-60,375 May 1985 triangles; and properties of triangles. A Logo computer program is included. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Microworlds: Options for Some examples are given of geometric Learning and Teaching Geometry. exploration and problem solving in Mathematics Teacher which Logo is the primary tool and v78 n6 p473-80 Sep 1985 turtle graphics is the mathematical environment. Students can explore and develop important patterns while building visual intuition. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo in the Mathematics Use of Logo to teach statistical Curriculum. ideas is proposed for students in grades 5-10. Procedures and diagrams Mathematics Teacher are suggested, with program listings v79 n6 p424-28 Sep 1986 for four models for graphs. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- When Is a Program Like a Functional programming, in which the Function? connection to mathematics is simple Mathematics Teacher and direct, is described. A language v79 n8 p648-51 Nov 1986 such as Logo illustrates the relationship between functional programming and mathematics in more detail. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Using Logo Pseudoprimitives for Describes pseudoprimitives, a set of Geometric Investigations. special procedures which allow traditional geometric topics to be Mathematics Teacher used within the context of LOGO. v81 n3 p166-74 Mar 1988 Explains how these procedures can be extended and used in junior and senior high school geometry. (PK) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Proofs Based on LOGO Mathematical methods are used to Procedures. study certain related Logo procedures in detail. Simple Mathematics and Computer procedures with known properties are Education then used to build the higher-level v22 n3 p157-62 Fall 1988 procedures which correspond to higher-level mathematical concepts. Examples are from introductory aspects of number theory. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning Mathematics through Discussed is a project promoting Programming: The Case of "thinking about what students did" Functions and Variables. in an Israeli high school. Five examples of the project are Mathematics and Computer described with LOGO commands. Education Several educational ideas are v23 n3 p186-93 Fall 1989 provided. (YP) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Beware of Logo - or Who Has the Suggestions for using microcomputers Imagination? in statistics instruction are described, with programs that a Mathematics in School seven-year-old could write using v13 n1 p6 Jan 1984 LOGO. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A Logo Lesson. The use of Logo to develop mathematical concepts is advocated. Mathematics in School Children's comments as they work v14 n4 p10-11 Sep 1985 with Logo are presented. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- LOGO and Frieze Patterns. Describes a project in which 11- to Mathematics in School 13-year-old children used their LOGO v14 n5 p34-38 Nov 1985 programing experience to assist them in investigating a mathematical topic. Students initially drew frieze patterns on graph paper and then wrote LOGO program. Implications of the project for mathematics instruction are noted. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Mathematical Investigations Describes investigations involving Using Logo: Part 1. data acquisition and analysis using Mathematics in School microcomputers running the LOGO v15 n3 p39-42 May 1986 programing language. Provides new primitives to add to LOGO to access information from the analog to digital converter of a BBC microcomputer, giving samples of student results. (JM) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Mathematical Investigations Programs (using Logo) developed by Using Logo. Part Two. children to produce multiples, the Fibonacci series, and square numbers Mathematics in School are presented, with graphical v15 n4 p35-39 Sep 1986 representations of functions introduced. Another investigation involves drawing a circle using turtle graphics. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Mathematical Investigations Use of background grids from Logo using LOGO. Part Three. programs is involved in this activity on angles and slopes. The Mathematics in School value of such activities is then v15 n5 p33-35 Nov 1986 discussed. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- What's the Use of LOGO? Argues that Turtle Geometry has a great deal to offer mathematics Mathematics in School teaching and learning. Suggests that v17 n1 p16-20 Jan 1988 it helps develop general problem-solving strategies and encourages new approaches to teaching and learning. (PK) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Curve Stitching in LOGO. Uses LOGO to enhance the Mathematics in School applicability of curve stitching in v21 n3 p2-7 May 1992 the mathematics curriculum. Presents the formulas and computer programs for the construction of parabolas, concentric circles, and epicycloids. Diagrams of constructed figures are provided. (MDH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning Must Be More than Since LOGO was introduced at a 1981 Computer Literacy: Logo and the National Council of Teachers of Computer. Mathematics conference, this computer language has spread through NASSP Bulletin the schools and spawned Young v70 n489 p36-40 Apr 1986 People's LOGO Association groups throughout the United States and Canada. Teaching LOGO like other languages might alienate youngsters already at home with computer technology. (MLH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Dynamic Modelling with LOGO. Describes techniques in LOGO, which are applicable to A-level and above. Physics Education The techniques use a dynamic v21 n1 p42-47 Jan 1986 modeling approach, which considers system behavior in terms of state transitions over successive short intervals. Advantages and disadvantages of using LOGO are noted. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo and Physics. Discusses how LOGO programing language is used in physics teaching Physics Teacher at Piedmont Virginia Community v24 n1 p12-19 Jan 1986 College in West Virginia. Also: (1) considers the characteristics of the language which make it attractive in physics teaching; (2) lists sample programs; (3) offers instructional strategies; and (4) presents student reactions. (JN) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Projectile Motion with the Describes experiences with turtle Turtle. graphics to demonstrate motion in a Physics Teacher constant gravitational field. v26 n6 p374-76 Sep 1988 Provides the computer program and typical diagrams. (YP) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Should Children Be Computer Considers the impact of learning to Programmers? program upon the intellectual and Popular Computing personal development of children. v1 n11 p130-33 Sep 1982 The excitement of computer mastery, the usefulness of programing as an introduction to "real world" problem solving, and computer programing as an aid to increased understanding of subject matter are discussed. (JL) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The TI-99/4A. Describes and evaluates the basic hardware, peripheral devices, Popular Computing functions, capabilities, and v1 n6 p57-62 Apr 1982 available software for the TI-99/4A home computer. A table summarizes the computer's specifications. (JL) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Teaching Turtles: LOGO as an Describes LOGO, an educational Environment for Learning. computing language designed at the Massachusetts Institute of Popular Computing Technology for use by young children v1 n9 p48,50,52,54,56 Jul 1982 in developing problem-solving skills. The structure of LOGO, the drawing operations possible using the LOGO "Turtle," LOGO as a learning environment, and the educational philosophy underlying LOGO are discussed. Six figures are included. (JL) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo: What Makes It Exciting? This comprehensive guide to Logo as Popular Computing a programing language discusses its v2 n10 p106-09,112-13, 148,150, potential for advanced as well as 154-59,162-64,166 Aug 1983 introductory programing, lists and explains several computer programs, and provides evaluative reviews of eight Logo systems, including information on their developers, distributors, price, format, appropriate microcomputer, documentation, special features, and available user memory. (EAO) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Robots Are Coming] Describes two robots that can be Popular Computing communicated with in Logo--Topo and v3 n13 p71-72,75-77 Oct 1984 Tasman Turtle--and briefly presents merchandise information on Topo II and Turtle Tot. Educational issues and possibilities related to robot use in school classrooms are discussed, and a school visit to introduce students to robots is recounted. (MBR) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- "Just a Computer." The coauthor and developer of Logo Principal (a computer programming language for v66 n2 p49-50 Nov 1986 children) describes (1) the changes in his responses to debates about computers in education, (2) some of the uses of the new LogoWriter in the classroom, and (3) how one fifth-grade class used LogoWriter in a biology unit. (IW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer-Aided Learning and the This discussion of the impact of Microcomputer Revolution. computers on education focuses on microcomputer developments since Programmed Learning and 1975, the advantages of Educational Technology microcomputers over other computers, v18 n4 p223-29 Nov 1981 some innovative computer based activities in the United States, and the principal inhibitors to effective use of computers in schools. Four references are listed. (CHC) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Artificial Intelligence in Discussion of intelligent computer Teaching and Learning: An assisted learning (CAL) systems Introduction. considers both those that offer natural language communication to Programmed Learning and the user and those that are Educational Technology adaptive, generative, or v22 n2 p150-57 May 1985 self-improving. Current interest in student-built learning environments (exemplified by work with LOGO and PROLOG) is examined, and obstacles to future intelligent CAL development are discussed. (MBR) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Micros and Children in Presents case studies of efforts by Developing Countries. Nigeria, Morocco, and Argentina to introduce computers in primary and Programmed Learning and secondary education. Lessons learned Educational Technology from these experiences are discussed v23 n2 p173-76 May 1986 and educational needs are identified: program expansion; subtle introduction of microcomputers to teachers; organizational/national literacy campaign; and review of teacher education curricula. (Author/MBR) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Spelling with LEA on the Argues that microcomputer programs Microcomputer. in LOGO can support children's Reading Teacher development of invented spelling v39 n3 p267-73 Dec 1985 within a language experience approach. Presents protocols of three nursery school children using such programs that show promising growth in their writing and reading skills. (FL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Gifted Students and Logo: The Logo computer program is Teacher's Role. well-suited to gifted students' learning style characteristics Roeper Review (independence, fluency, v9 n3 p177-78 Feb 1987 persistence); learning style preferences (learning alone, use of tactile and kinesthetic senses, and sound in the learning environment); and teaching method preferences (independent projects, discussion, flexibility, and traditional classroom setting). (CB) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Planning for Computer Use in Before schools purchase computer the Elementary School. hardware and software, the district School Administrator should set goals for their use, v42 n5 p15-16 May 1985 establish effective teacher training, and determine a realistic schoolwide implementation plan.(MD) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Microcomputer Books for Core This 32-item annotated bibliography Collections. describes books about computer School Library Journal programing and the use of v30 n1 p41-44 Sep 1983 microcomputers which have been selected to provide library media specialists and teachers with a core collection. Materials for professional reading, books teaching BASIC and LOGO programing skills, and reference resources are included. Publisher information is noted. (EJS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- New Theories for New Learnings. The computer is going to be a catalyst of deep and radical change School Psychology Review in the educational system. New v13 n4 p422-28 Fall 1984 conceptual frameworks are needed for thinking about the learning process, and experimental methodologies need to be reexamined. Examples of computer impact in learning situations utilizing its interactive capabilities are presented. (BS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Educational Utility of The kind of learning experience LOGO. provided by the LOGO programing language, its efficiency as a School Science and Mathematics learning tool within the school v83 n6 p474-84 Oct 1983 curriculum, and the role of the teacher in the LOGO environment are each discussed. (MNS) Reprint: UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Twelve Loves: Move. Describes LOGO programming activities accomplished by seventh School Science and Mathematics grade students in France, including v83 n8 p631-46 Dec 1983 those involving graphics, geometry, and movement commands. Includes descriptions of various LOGO commands (statements) used by students as well as program listings. (JN) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Programming Benchmarks for the The learning potential of Logo Young Student. programing language is discussed. School Science and Mathematics Observations of students in v85 n5 p374-82 May-Jun 1985 kindergarten and first grade interacting with a sequence of Logo activities led to the development of nine benchmarks. (MNS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Mathematics of Bouncing Describes an activity which uses the Balls. computer to produce an environment School Science and Mathematics that encourages an inductive v89 n2 p157-65 Feb 1989 reasoning approach to ratio and proportion through a billiard ball simulation. Provides examples of graphs and bouncing ball data. (RT) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Math*Logo: A Project to Develop Described is a study that used LOGO Proportional Reasoning in to improve the proportional College Freshmen. reasoning ability of students enrolled in mathematics classes for School Science and Mathematics students poorly prepared for v91 n2 p77-81 Feb 1991 college-level mathematics. Included are the methodology, procedures for using logo, and a discussion of the results. (KR) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Logo and Transfer of Geometry Sixth-grade students (n=53) were Knowledge: Evaluating the paired homogeneously and Effects of Student Ability heterogeneously by ability to Grouping. determine the effect of LOGO on the transfer of knowledge in geometry. School Science and Mathematics Low-ability students benefited from v93 n7 p360-68 Nov 1993 heterogeneous grouping, whereas the impact on average- and high-ability students was not clear. (Contains 21 references.) (MDH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computers and Kids: Learning to Reports that microcomputer use will Think. help six year-old children solve some types of problems better but Science News will not improve their general v127 n5 p71 Feb 2 1985 learning and thinking abilities. Logo programing resulted in higher creativity scores and in children's ability to monitor their own thinking, but revolutionary changes in cognitive development were not found. (DH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Early Childhood: Preschoolers Explains how preschoolers use KINDER Meet a High Tech Turtle. (the less difficult form of LOGO) to draw pictures on Apple II+/IIe Science and Children microcomputers. Indicates that this v22 n7 p37-40 Apr 1985 activity is a source of fun and introduces youngsters to computer language and programing. Directions for teachers, and information on preparatory games, LOGO editor, student activities, and saving programs are given. (DH) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Interdisciplinary Contours: Describes a collaborative effort Art, Earth Science, & Logo. involving art, earth science, and computer lessons in teaching the Science and Children theory and practice of contour v24 n1 p25-27 Sep 1986 mapping. Discusses the approaches and activities contained in the unit for seventh-grade students. Includes the computer program which was written for use with Terrapin LOGO on an Apple II. (ML) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Using LOGO in Teaching Paper describes computer language courses in terms of the demands TOPICS in Instructional placed on the computing language Computing 1 69-75 used, and the ideas to which the students were exposed. Those characteristics of LOGO which are most important to the success of the courses are evaluated. (Author) Educational Technology Higher Education Teacher Education ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Mindstorms in the Lamplight. The instructional computer program Teachers College Record LOGO enables children to construct v85 n4 p549-58 Sum 1984 their own programs. This article presents an evaluation of LOGO and use of computers in education. The author discusses reasons why computer science belongs in high school rather than elementary school. (DF) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computer as Material: Messing The computer, still a novel device about with Time. in classrooms, may be incorporated as another learning tool. One method Teachers College Record to accomplish this gave students the v89 n3 p408-17 Spr 1988 opportunity to build a clock using materials such as sand, water, or a computer. Additional projects are suggested. (JL) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Computers in the Classroom: How Describes the current use and They May Change the Way potential of the LOGO programing Children Learn. language in a variety of educational situations. (JL) Reprint: UMI Teachers and Writers Magazine v14 n4 p1-4 Mar-Apr 1983 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Impact of Technology on Reviews national policy on Argentinean Education. informatics and education in Argentina. Lists government efforts Technological Horizons in to enhance computer literacy. Education Discusses the social context of v15 n5 p81-84 Dec-Jan 1987-88 computers. Calls for teacher training in computer techniques. Highlights the importance of computer resource specialists in schools. (CW) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The Effectiveness of Summarizes the sources, statistical Microcomputers in Education: A methods, and general findings from Review of the Research from the review. Poses findings on 1980-1987. specific questions of research. Technological Horizons in Gives implications of past research Education for the future. (MVL) UMI v16 n2 p85-89 Sep 1988 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Children's Software: Designs Examines four types of educational for Learning. computer software promoting Top of the News children's learning v39 n4 p315-20 Sum 1983 experiences--drill and practice, tutorial, simulation, games--noting characteristics and strengths and/or weaknesses of each. The LOGO computer language designed to teach mathematical concepts, logical thinking, and computer programing is discussed. Sixteen sources are listed. (EJS) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Getting Smart with Computers: Evaluates several views of the Computer-Aided Heuristics for relationship between computers and Student Writers. education, and criticizes the use of artificial intelligence and natural Writing Center Journal language processing software for v8 n1 p3-10 Fall-Win 1987 evaluating student writing. Recommends utilizing programs that use heuristic methods to ask students a series of questions to help them organize and compose papers. (SKC) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Young Children and Computers: Reviews the research illustrating Crossroads and Directions from the wide-ranging benefits of Research. Research in Review. open-ended computer programs such as LOGO. Considers the ways in which Young Children these programs develop young v48 n2 p56-64 Jan 1993 children's subject-matter knowledge and problem-solving and socioemotional competencies. (BB) UMI ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Learning with Logo. Described is a new computer language called LOGO and the use of personal onComputing computers with very young children v3 n1 p14-16 Sum 1981 at Dallas' Lamplighter School where computers are everywhere--one in each preschool and kindergarten room, two in each elementary classroom, and two in each shared space. (KC) Reprint: UMI -----------------------------------------------------------------------